Computer Organization

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Computer Organization

• Tennessee State University

Fenghui Yao
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Overview

• Introduction to the course
• - goals
• - organization
• - outline
• Introduction to the Computer Organization
• Conclusions

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Goals

• Understanding the computer organization
• Study example CPUs Pentium II, UltraSPARC II,
  picoJava II.
• The design and implementation issues of computers
  will be clarified.
• The course prepares for the design and
  implementation of new computers.

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Organization

• Schedule
• Text book
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum Structured Computer
  Organization, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.

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Outline

• Introduction
• Computer systems organization
• The digital logic level
• The microarchitecture level
• The instruction set architechture level
• The operating system machine level
• The assembly language level
• Parallel computer architectures

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1. Introduction

• 1.1 Structured computer organization
• 1.2 Milestones in computer architecture
• 1.3 The computer zoo
• 1.4 Example computer families
• 1.5 Outline of this book

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• Primitive operations in a program
• Add 2 numbers.
• Check a number to see if it is zero
• Copy a piece of data from one part of the
  computer memory to another.
• Machine language a set of CPUs primitive
  instructions
• Computer design
• decide what instructions to include in its
  machine language
• make instructions as simple as possible
• e.g. 01100000 (IADD in IJVM )
• Structured computer architecture a series of
  abstractions, each abstraction building on the
  one below it.

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1.1 Structure computer organization
Languages, Levels, and Virtual Machines
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Contemporary Multilevel Machines
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1.2 Milestones in computer architechture
The zeroth generation
The first generation
The second generation
The third generation
The fourth generation
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The First Generation Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955)

• ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And
  Computer, 1946) J. Mauchley, J. P. Eckert
• 18,000 vacuum tubes, 1500 relays,
• weight 30 tons, power 140kw
• Programming
• 6000 multiposition switches and jumper cables
• decimal arithmetic
• ABC (Atanasoff - Berry Computer, Iowa Univ., 1942
  )

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• Neuman Machine
• the program stored in the computers memory
• Binary arithmetic
• The idea was used in EDSAC made by Wilkes.

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The Second Generation Transistors (1955-1965)

• MITs Lincoln Laboratory TX-0, TX-2
• TX-0 the first transitorized computer
• IBM IBM7090
• IBM7090 transistorized successor to IBM709
  (vacuum tube machine) cost millions
• DEC (formed by Kenneth Olsen) PDP-1, PDP-8
• PDP-1 1961, cost 120,000, sold dozens.
• minicomputer industry was born

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PDP-8 much cheaper than PDP-1, cost 16,000
major innovation single bus This architecture
has been adopted by nearly all small computers
since then
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The Third Generation IC (1965-1980)

• IC Integrated Circuit
• - dozens of transistors to be put on a single
  chip.
• - possible to build computers that were
  smaller, faster, and cheaper
• Machine families based on ICs
• - using the same assembly language
• - software written for one of them could run
  on the other.

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IBM 360 machine family
Increasing size and power
OS multiprogramming Minicomputer world PDP-11
series
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The Fourth Generation VLSI (1980-present)

• VLSI Very Large Scale IC
• - tens of thousands, then hundreds of
  thousands, and finally millions of transistors to
  be put on a single chip.
• - possible to build computer that were smaller,
  faster, and cheaper.
• Personal computer era
• - IBM PC, Apple PC
• OS MS-DOS, Windows, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux etc.

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1.3 The Computer Zoo Technological and
Economic Forces
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The Computer Spectrum
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Example Computer FamiliesIntroduction to the
Pentium II
2003, Pentium ?, 3.2GHz
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(No Transcript)
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Introduction to the UltraSPARC II

• Sun Microsystems founded in 1982
• Sun-1, Sun-2, Sun-3
• - Motorola CPUs
• - Equipped with Ethernet connection and with
  TCP/IP software
• In 1987, Sun designed its own RISC CPU SPARC
  (Scalable Processor ARChitecture), formed the
  basis of Sun-4 workstation.
• - 32-bit, 36MHz (contrast to Intel line 8-
  and 16-bit 8088, 8086, 80286, 32-bit 80386)
• In 1995, UltraSPARC I (Ver 9 SPARC architecture )
• - 64-bit machine, but compatible with 32-bit
  SPARCs.
• - 2 TB (1012 bytes) memory space.
• UltraSPARC II, III successors of UltraSPARC I,
  differ primarily in clock speed.

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Introduction to the picoJava II

• Java
• - to fetch binary programs over Internet and
  run them as part of WWW page.
• - a type-safe object-oriented language.
• - possible to write compilers that compile to
  Pentium, SPARC, or other architecture.
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine) to make binary
  programs portable across different machines.
• - memory consisting of 32-bit words, 226
  instructions
• - Java compiler compiles Java to JVM.
• - JVM interpreter to execute Java binary
  program.
• Problem Interpreting JVM programs is slow.

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• Hardware JVM chips picoJava-I (1997),
  picoJava-II (1998)
• directly execute JVM binary programs,
  without the need for a layer of software
  interpretation.
• picoJava II not a concrete chip, but the basis
  for a number of chips, such as Sun microJava 701
  CPU.
• picoJava II has two optional units a cache and
  a floating-point unit which each chip
  manufacturer can include or remove, as it wishes.
  
• Our example CPUs Pentium II, UltraSPARC II,
  picoJava II

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Conclusions

• Introducing structured computer organization
• Review of Computer History
• Example CPUs Pentium II, UltraSPARC II,
• picoJava II
• What next ?
• Computer System Organization