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  ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????, ??????, ???????.
  ????? ???????. ????? ??????, ?????, ??????
  ????????.  

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Text Books

• Modern Operating Systems - Andrew S. Tanenbaum
  Prentice Hall, 1992.
• Operating System Concepts, - Silberschatz and
  Galvin. John Wiley Sons.

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??? ????? ??????

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  ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????.

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???????? ?? ????? ????

• ????? HARDWARE - "???????". ?????? ?????????
  ????? ????? ????? ?????? (CPU), ??????, ??????
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• ????? Software ?????? ??????? ???? ????
  ???????, ???? ??????, ?????? ???'.
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•  ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??
  ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? "??????" ??
  ??????? ??????.

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(No Transcript)
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• ????? ?????
• ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????,
  ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???/???
  ???? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???'.?????
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??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????

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13
History of Operating Systems

• First generation 1945 - 1955
• vacuum tubes, Manual
• Second generation 1955 - 1965
• transistors, batch systems
• Third generation 1965 1980
• ICs and multiprogramming
• Fourth generation 1980 present
• personal computers

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History of Operating Systems (1)

• Early batch system
• bring cards to 1401
• read cards to tape
• put tape on 7094 which does computing
• put tape on 1401 which prints output

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History of Operating Systems (2)

• Structure of a typical job 2nd generation

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History of Operating Systems (3)

• Multiprogramming system
• three jobs in memory 3rd generation

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The Operating System Zoo

• Mainframe operating systems
• Server operating systems
• Personal computer operating systems
• Multiprocessor operating systems
• Distributed Operating System
• Real-time operating systems
• Embedded operating systems

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Distributed Operating Systems

• Controls and manages resources for a network of
  autonomous computers
• manage both hardware and software resources
• behaves as a single monolithic system.
• User not aware of program or resource location
• Design issues same as traditional systems
• Practical issues
• lack of shared memory
• lack of global clock (i.e. time reference)
• unpredictable communication delays.

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Multiprocessor Operating Systems

• Consists of a set of processors that
• share a set of physical memory blocks
• share a common clock
• "share" over an interconnection network.
• Control and manage resources
• hardware and software resources
• viewed as a uniprocessor system.
• Design issues same as traditional system.
• Practical issues
• increased complexity of synchronization,
  scheduling, memory management, protection and
  security.

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Database Operating Systems

• Database systems place increased demands on an
  operating system to efficiently support
• concept of a transaction
• manage large volumes of data
• concurrency control
• system failure control

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Real-time Operating Systems

• Place application specific special requirements
  on an operating system.
• Policies and mechanisms are geared to ensuring
  jobs meet their deadlines.
• Problem is one of resource scheduling and overall
  system utilization.

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23
Computer Hardware Review (1)
Monitor
Bus

• Components of a simple personal computer

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Computer Hardware Review (2)

• (a) A three-stage pipeline
• (b) A superscalar CPU

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Computer Hardware Review (3)

• Typical memory hierarchy
• numbers shown are rough approximations

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Computer Hardware Review (4)

• Structure of a disk drive

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Computer Hardware Review (7)

• Structure of a large Pentium system

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  ????? "??-?????"
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• ?"? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? (?????) ?? ??????
  ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????

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A question

• The operating system gets an input, performs a
  computation, produces an output, and quits
• Yes or no?

The answer No

• The operating system is a
• reactive program

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The OS is a reactive program

• It is idly waiting for events
• When an event happens, the OS reacts
• It handles the event
• Schedules another application to run
• The event handling must take as little time as
  possible
• Event types
• Interrupts and system calls

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?????? ????? ????? System Calls

• ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ??"? ??????? ?????? ?????
  ??????
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  ????? ??? (?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?"?)

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(No Transcript)
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???? ?? MSDOS
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???????

• File manipulation
• create()
• Device manipulation
• open(), close()
• Information maintenance
• gettimeofday()

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Interrupt
????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????
?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????.
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Interrupt types (I)

• Asynchronous interrupts are generated by external
  devices at unpredictable times
• Clock interrupt is the basis for time slicing
• Update the system time, preempt/schedule
  processes
• I/O device interrupt
• Informs the OS about completion of a requested I/O

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Interrupt types (II)

• Internal (synchronous) interrupts are generated
  synchronously by CPU as a result of an
  exceptional condition
• An error condition the application is trying to
  perform an illegal operation
• E.g., division by 0, issuing a privileged instr.,
  
• The handler typically kills the application
• A temporary problem
• E.g., the requested page is not in the memory
• Handling bring the page into the memory