Whats a Classic

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Whats a Classic?
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ANCIENT GREECE (1750 B.C.133 B.C.)
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Important Terms to Know

• Classical civilization- A civilization that is
  marked by a strong government, prosperous
  economy, and established trade routes. Classical
  civilization have lasting contributions and
  achievements which impact other civilizations.
• Eurasia- Is the combined continents of Europe
  and Asia
• Polis- A city-state in ancient Greece
• Acropolis- A hilltop fortress of an ancient Greek
  city-state
• Parthenon- The Athenian temple dedicated to the
  goddess Athena
• Phalanx- A massive formation of heavily armed
  foot-soldiers in ancient Greece

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Exploring the Geography of Greece
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Early People of the Aegean SeaMinoans

• The Minoans established a brilliant early
  civilization on the island of Crete.
• The Minoans traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia.
  They acquired ideas and technology that they
  adapted to their own culture.
• The Minoans helped to shape the first Greek
  civilization.

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Early People of the Aegean Sea Mycenaeans

• The Mycenaeans conquered the Greek mainland
• and Crete.
• Mycenaean civilization dominated the Aegean from
• about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.
• They traded with Sicily, Italy, Egypt, and
  Mesopotamia.
• Mycenaeans absorbed Egyptian and Mesopotamian
• influences and passed them on to later Greeks.
• Fall of Mycenaeans usher in the Greek Dark Ages
  1100 800 B.C.

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The Rise of Greek City-States, 800 B.C.

• Keep these questions in mind
• How did geography influence these new Greek
  city-states?
• What kinds of government did the Greek
  city-states develop?
• How did Athens and Sparta differ?
• What forces unified the Greek city-states?

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Geography and the Greek City-States (Poleis)

• Greece is part of the Balkan peninsula and is
  comprised of Peloponnesus and surrounding
  islands.
• Mountains divide the peninsula into isolated
  valleys.
• Off the Greek mainland are hundreds of small
  islands.
• A City-State is like a small country--includes a
  city and the surrounding countryside
• A Greek city-states was known as a polis made up
  of two parts
• 1) a hilltop acropolis with
• temples
• 2) the main city on the flat
• ground area below the
  acropolis surrounded by walls
• Athens and Sparta were two of the largest
  city-states

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Activity

• Pair up with the person near you. Try to match
  the following traits to the right city-state,
  either Athens or Sparta

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Athens or Sparta?

• The law must treat everyone equally.
• Farming is the job of slaves.
• One man should not have absolute power in
  government.
• The arts are a waste of time.
• Trade makes a nation stronger.
• The government should consult its people before
  making important decisions. A nations strength
  depends on its army.
• A soldier should die in battle rather than
  surrender to the enemy.
• Strict discipline makes for better soldiers.
• A good general is more important than a good
  teacher.
• Individuals are important in society

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Comparing Athens Sparta
ATHENS
SPARTA
Rulers were two kings, a council of elders,
assembly of citizens, five ephors. Male,
native-born Spartans over age 30 were
citizens. Rulers formed a military society.
Strict control over peoples lives. Conquered
people were turned into slaves, called helots
owned by the state. Rulers forbade trade and
travel, or mixing with other city-states. All
boys received military training. Girls were
raised to produce healthy sons for the
army. Women had the right to inherit property
but expected to obey men. Emphasis on military
virtues, disciplines, fitness health.

• Society grew into a limited democracy, or
  government by the people.
• Male citizens over age 30 participated in
  government.
• Rulers encouraged trade with other city-states.
• Limited rights for women. Women were considered
  inferior.
• Boys received education in many areas, not just
  military training.
• Celebrated individuality
• Slaves had no political rights or personal
  freedom.
• Wealth power of aristocracy.

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Unifying Forces

• Local ties, independent spirit, and economic
  rivalries led to fighting among the Greek
  city-states. Despite these divisions, the Greeks
  shared a common culture.

• They honored the same ancient heroes.
• They participated in common festivals.
• They prayed to the same gods.
• They shared the Greek language.
• They felt superior to non-Greeks, whom they
  
• called barbaroi, people who did not speak
• Greek.

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Vocabulary Terms for Today

• Dictator- A ruler who has complete control over a
  government
• Monarchy- Government in which a king or queen
  exercises central power
• Aristocracy- Government headed by a privileged
  landholding minority
• Oligarchy- Government in which ruling power
  belongs to a few wealthy individuals who are not
  necessarily landholders usually from the
  business class.
• Democracy- Government in which the people hold
  ruling power
• Direct Democracy- Government in which the
  citizens participate directly in the day-to-day
  decisions.
• Limited Democracy- Government in which select
  citizens participate in decisions.
• Indirect Democracy- Government in which citizens
  participate in decisions through elected
  officials.
• Tyrant- A ruler who gains governing power by
  force.
• Legislature- lawmaking body

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Vocabulary Terms for Today

• Rhetoric- The art of skillful speaking
• Peloponnesian War- 27 year war between the
  cities of Athens Sparta
• Thucycides- Historian who lived in the Age of
  Pericles
• Delian League- Alliance Athens built with other
  city- states against Spartas Peloponnesian
  League
• Hellenistic- Type of culture resulting from
  Alexander the Greats conquests a blend of
  Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian cultures and
  art styles

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The Persian Wars 490 - 479 B.C.

• Despite their cultural ties, the Greek
  city-states were often in conflict with one
  another.
• The threat of the powerful Persian empire united
  the Greek city-states.
• United, the city-states defeated the Persians and
  ended the threat of Persian invasions.

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The Age of Pericles461- 429 B.C.

• After the Persian Wars, Athens enjoyed a golden
  age under Pericles.
• Periclean Athens was a direct democracy. In this
  form of government, large numbers of citizens
  take part in the day-to-day affairs of
  government.
• This meant that Athenian men participated in the
  assembly and served on juries.

Pericles gave a speech at the funeral of
Athenians slain in battle. This speech is
considered one of the earliest and greatest
expressions of democratic ideals.
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Governing the City-States

• Between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C., the Greeks evolved
  different forms of government.
• At first, the ruler was a king. A government in
  which a king or queen exercises central power is
  called a monarchy.
• Slowly, power shifted to a class of noble
  landowners. At first, the nobles defended the
  king, but in time, they won power for themselves.
  A government ruled by a landholding elite is
  called an aristocracy.
• As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy
  merchants, farmers, and artisans came to dominate
  some city-states. A government in which power is
  in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually
  from the business class, is called an oligarchy.

Monarchy
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Direct / Limited Democracy
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Pericles handoutdiscussion
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Golden Age of Pericles Arts Architecture

• Pericles hired architects and sculptors to
  rebuild the Acropolis, which the Persians had
  destroyed.
• Pericles turned Athens into the cultural center
  of Greece.

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Greek Architects and Artists

• The work of Greek artists and architects
  reflected a concern with balance, order, and
  beauty.

ARCHITECTURE
ART
Early sculptors imitated rigid Egyptian
poses. Later sculptors emphasized natural poses
that were lifelike but also idealistic. Paintings
offer views of Greek life.
Architects tried to convey a sense of perfect
balance to reflect the harmony of the universe.
Example The Parthenon
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Poetry and Drama

• Greek dramas were often based on popular myths
  and legends. Through these stories, playwrights
  discussed moral and social issues and the
  relationship between people and the gods.
• Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote
  tragedies, plays that told stories of human
  suffering that usually ended in disaster.
• Aristophanes wrote comedies, humorous plays that
  mocked people or customs.

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The Writing of History

• The Greeks applied reason, observation, and logic
  to the study of history.
• Herodotus is called the Father of History.
• Herodotus stressed the importance of research,
  while Thucydides showed the need to avoid bias.
• Herodotus and Thucydides set standards for future
  historians.

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The Glory That Was Greece

• Greek Philosophers Some Greek thinkers used
  observation and reason to find causes for what
  happened. The Greeks called these thinkers
  philosophers, meaning lovers of wisdom.

SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
Emphasized importance of reason Believed the
ideal state should regulate every aspect of
citizens lives to provide for their best
interest
Favored rule by single strong and virtuous
leader Taught that good conduct meant pursuing
moderation
Developed Socratic method, whereby a series of
questions are posed in order to challenge
implications of answers
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• The unexamined life is a life not worth
  living.
• Socrates

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War between the city-statesPeloponnesian War
431 404 B.C.
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Many Greeks outside of Athens resented Athenian
domination. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian
League to rival the Delian League. Sparta
encouraged oligarchy, while Athens supported
democracy.
Athenian domination of the Greek world
ended. Athens recovered economically and
remained the cultural center of
Greece. Democratic government suffered. Corrupti
on and selfish interests replaced older ideals
such as service to the city-state.
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Alexander and the Hellenistic Age
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• Alexander the Great 336-323 B.C.

Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece. He was
assassinated before he could fulfill his dream of
conquering the Persian empire.
Philips son, Alexander, succeeded him to the
throne.
Alexander won his first victory against the
Persians at the Granicus River. He then
conquered Asia Minor, Palestine, Egypt, and
Babylon.
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush into northern
India. There his troops faced soldiers mounted
on war elephants. They were forced to retreat.
While planning his next battle campaign,
Alexander died of a sudden fever. Three generals
divided up the empire.
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The Empire of Alexander the Great
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The Legacy of Alexander

• Although Alexanders empire did not last, he had
  unleashed changes that would ripple across the
  Mediterranean world and the Middle East for
  centuries.

• Alexanders most lasting achievement was the
  spread of Greek culture.
• Across the empire, local people assimilated, or
  absorbed, Greek ideas. In turn, Greek settlers
  adopted local customs.
• Gradually, a blending of eastern and western
  cultures occurred.
• Alexander had encouraged this blending by
  marrying a Persian woman and adopting Persian
  customs.

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Great Minds of the Hellenistic Period
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Zeno founded Stoicism, which urged people to
accept calmly whatever life brought.
Aristarchus theorized about a heliocentric, or
sun-centered, solar system.
Eratosthenes showed that the Earth was round and
accurately calculated its circumference.
Pythagoras derived a formula to calculate the
relationship between the sides of a triangle.
Archimedes used principles of physics to make
practical inventions, such as the lever and the
pulley.
Euclid wrote The Elements, a textbook that became
the basis for modern geometry.
Hippocrates studied illnesses and cures and set
ethical standards for medical care.