Natural Chemical Groups

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Introduction To Natural Chemical Groups
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Natural Chemical Groups

• Energy Producing Groups - Carbohydrates, Lipids
  and Proteins
• Nutraceuticals- Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements
  and Botanicals.
• Carbohydrates Organic compounds containing
  carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 121.
  The simple one are C6H12O6 and called
  saccharides.
• Monosaccharides, Di, Tri etc.
• Polysaccharides (Homo (same type) hetro
  (different types).
• Glycosides (saccharide nonsaccharide or glycone
  aglycone).
• Examples Mono glucose (dextrose),
  fructose.
• Di sucrose, maltose, lactose
• Homo starches, cotton, cellulose and
  derivatives.
• Hetro - Gums and Mucilages
• Tree or Shrub Exudates - Acacia, Karaya or
  Sterculia Gum and Tragacanth.
• Seed Gums - Psyllium Seed, Quince Seed, Guar
  Gum Locust Bean Gum
• Plant Extracts - Pectin, Slippery Elm, and
  Marshmallow root
• Marine Extracts - Agar, Irish moss and Algin
• Microbial Gum Xanthan
• Glycosides Anthraquinones, Bitters, Cardiac,
  Coumarin, Cyanogenic, Flavonoids,
  Glucosilinates, Saponins, Phenols,
  Proanthocyanins Tannins.
• Others Alkaloids, Lipids, Minerals, Proteins,
  Resins, Steroids, Vitamins Volatile oils

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Others Chemical Groups Alkaloids, Lipids,
Minerals, Proteins, Resins, Steroids, Vitamins
Volatile oils

• Alkaloids
• Nitrogen containing basic organic compounds
  with structural-based activities.
• Chemical classification
• PiperidinePyridine CNS Activity (1.Areca,
  2.Lobelia, 3.Pomegranate, 4.Conium, 5.Nicotiana,
  6. Black Pepper.
• Quinolizidine hypoglycemic effect,
  anti-inflammatory (1.Lupinus, 2.Cyticus).
• Tropane Anticholenergic (1.Potato, 2.Belladonna,
  3.Hyoscyanus, 4. Datura, 5.Dubosia, 6.Coca.
• Quinoline 1.Cinchona,2. Remijia.
• Isoquinoline 1.Ipecac, 2.Goldenseal,
  3.Bloodroot, 4.Curare, Opium.
• Indole 1.Rauwolfia, 2.Yohime, 3.Catharanthus,
  4.Nux Vomica, 5.Ergot, 6.Physostigma.
• Imidazole 1.Pilocarpus.
• Terpenoidal and Steroidal 1.Veratrum, 2.Death
  Camas, 3.Aconite.
• Alkaloidal Amines 1.Ephedra, 2.Colchicum,
  3.Khat, 4.Peyote.
• Purine 1.Kola, 2.Coffee, 3.Guarana, 4.Mate,
  5.Tea.
• Activity Specific for each class and each
  alkaloid

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Other Chemical Groups Lipids, Minerals,
Proteins, Resins, Steroids, Vitamins Volatile
oils

• Lipids Ester of fatty acids. Classified into
  Fixed oils, Fats and Waxes.
• Fixed oils and Fats are esters of fatty acid and
  glycerol.
• Fixed oils are liquid at room temperature while
  Fats are semisolid.
• Waxes are esters fatty acids and long chain
  aliphatic alcohols
• Examples Fixed oils - 1.Almond, 2.Persic,
  3.Castor, 4.Corn, 5.Cottonseed, 6.Olive,
  7.Peanut, 8. Sesame, 9.Coconut,
  10.Chaulmoogra, 11.Neats Foot, 12.Croton, 13.
  Linseed, 14.Safflower, 15.Soya Bean.
• Fats 1.Theobroma Oil, 2.Lard, 3.Prepared
  Suet, 4.Lanolin.
• Waxes 1.Spermaceti, 2.Bees wax, 3.Carnauba
  wax, 4.Jojoba Oil.
• Minerals Regulate the balance of fluids in your
  body and control the movement of nerve impulses.
  Some minerals also help deliver oxygen to cells
  and help carry away carbon dioxide. They are also
  the main components in teeth and bones, and they
  serve as building blocks for other cells and
  enzymes. Minerals have two categories
• Major minerals Calcium, phosphorus,
  magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfur and chloride
  are considered major minerals because we need
  them in larger amounts
• Trace minerals Chromium, copper, fluoride,
  iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium
• and zinc are considered trace minerals because
  we need them in smaller amounts

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Other Chemical Groups Proteins, Resins,
Steroids, Vitamins Volatile oils

• Proteins These are large organic compounds made
  of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and
  joined together by peptide bonds between the
  carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid
  residues.
• Amino acids are the basic structural building
  units of proteins. They form short polymer chains
  called peptides or longer chains either called
  polypeptides or proteins.
• They are essential parts of organisms and
  participate in every process within cells. Many
  proteins are enzymes and are vital to metabolism.
  Proteins also have structural or mechanical
  functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle,
  and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which forms
  a system of scaffolding that maintains cell
  shape. Protein is also a necessary part of our
  diet, since animals cannot synthesize all the
  amino acids and must obtain essential amino acids
  from food. Nine amino acids are generally
  regarded as essential for humans. These are
  isoleucine, leucine, lysine, threonine,
  tryptophan, methionine, histidine, valine and
  phenylalanine.
• In addition, the amino acids arginine, cysteine,
  glycine, glutamine and tyrosine are considered
  conditionally essential, meaning they are not
  normally required in the diet, but must be
  supplied exogenously to specific populations that
  do not synthesize it in adequate amounts. An
  example would be with the disease Phenylketonuria
  (PKU).

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Other Chemical Groups Resins, Steroids, Vitamins
Volatile oils

• Definition Resins are amorphous products with
  complex chemical composition. These are produced
  as exudates from plants in combination of other
  chemical groups. They usually hard, transparent
  or translucent and when heated , they soften and
  finally melt. Some contain high concentration of
  benzoic or cinnamic acid or both are viscus
  liquid called balsams.
• Classification
• Resins 1.Rosin, 2.Podophyllum, 3.Colocynth,
  4.Jalap, 5.Ipomea, 6.Mastic, 7.Eriodictyon,
  8.Kava Kava, 9. Cannabis
• Oleo-Resins 1.Turpentine, 2.Aspedium,
  3.Capsicum, 4.Ginger, 5.Balsam Fir
• Gum Resin 1.Gamboge.
• Oleo-Gum Resin 1.Myrrh, 2.Asafetida,
  3.Frankincense
• Balsams 1.Storax, 2.Peru Balsam, 3.Tolu Balsam,
  4.Benzoin. 5. Styrax
• Glycoresins 1. Jalap, 2. Podophyllum
• Activity Variable due to combination with other
  chemical groups.

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Other Chemical Groups Steroids, Vitamins
Volatile oils

• Steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a
  carbon skeleton with four fused rings, generally
  arranged in a 6-6-6-5 fashion.
• Steroids can vary by the functional groups
  attached to these rings and the oxidation state
  of the rings. Hundreds of distinct steroids are
  found in plants, animals, and fungi. All steroids
  are biosynthetically derived either from the
  sterol lanosterol (animals and fungi) or the
  sterol cycloartenol (plants). Both sterols are
  derived from the cyclization of the triterpene
  squalene.
• Common categories of steroids
• Animal steroids
• Sex steroids are a subset of sex hormones that
  produce sex differences or support reproduction.
  They include androgens, estrogens, and
  progestagens.
• Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids and
  mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate
  many aspects of metabolism and immune function,
• mineralocorticoids help maintain blood volume and
  control renal excretion of electrolytes.
• Anabolic steroids are a class of steroids that
  interact with androgen receptors to increase
  muscle and bone synthesis. There are natural and
  synthetic anabolic steroids. These are the
  steroids used by athletes to increase
  performance. In popular language the word
  "steroids" usually refers to anabolic steroids.
• Cholesterol which modulates the fluidity of cell
  membranes and is the principle constituent of the
  plaques implicated in atherosclerosis.
• Plant steroids - Phytosterols , Brassinosteroids
• Fungus steroids - Ergosterols

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Other Chemical Groups Vitamins Volatile oils

• Vitamins
• Organic compounds required by humans for normal
  metabolism.
• Classified as fat soluble and water soluble
• Fat Soluble Vitamins A (Retinoids), D
  (Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol ),
• E (Tocopherol , Tocotrienol ) and K
  (Phylloquinone, Farnoquinone)
• Water Soluble
• B Vitamins Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2),
  Niacin (B3), Mixed (B4) Pantothenic acid (B5),
  Pyridoxine (B6), Biotin (B7), adenosine
  monophosphate (B8) , Folic Acid (B9), PABA (B10),
  L-carnitine (B11), Cobalamin (B12), Orotic acid
  (B13), ???(B14), Pangamic Acid (B15), lipoic acid
  (B16), Laetrile (B17),
• Choline and inositol monophosphate (Part of B
  Complex)
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
• Vitamin F (essential fatty acids)
• Vitamin P (Flavonoids)

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Other Chemical Groups Volatile oils

• Volatile Oils
• Definition Volatile oils constituents are
  derivative of isoprene units usually arranged in
  head to tail fashion. They are volatile at room
  temperature and given names as essential or
  ethereal oils. The number of isoprene put these
  in groups such as Monoterpenoids,
  Sesquiterpenoids, Diterpernoids, Triterpenoids
  and if the structure contains a phenyl group they
  are called phenylpropanoids.
• Practical Classification is based upon the
  functional groups
• Hydrocarbons-1.Black Pepper, 2.Turpentine,
• Alcohols 1.Peppermint, 2.Cardamon,3.Coriander,
  4.Pine.
• Aldehydes 1.Cinnamon, 2.Bitter Almond,
  3.Lemon.
• Ketones 1.Camphor, 2.Spearmint, 3.Wormwood.
• Phenols 1.Thyme, 2.Clove, 3.Pine Tar,
  4.Juniper Tar.
• Phenolic Ethers 1.Anise, 2.Nutmeg,
  3.Sassafras.
• Oxides 1.Chenopodium, 2.Eucalyptus.
• Esters 1.Lavender, 2.Gaultheria.
• Activity Wide variety of activities due to
  complexity of compounds (mostly in hundreds)

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End of Natural Chemical Groups