Motion

1
Motion Simulator Sickness

• Korey Johnson
• University of Idaho

2
Overview

• History of theories related to the causes and
  treatment of motion sickness. (1800-1960s)
• Reason Brand (1975)
• Gut shift theories
• Circulatory system disturbance theories
• Introduction of vestibular theories
• Popular treatments
• Current approaches to treatment and mediation of
  motion sickness
• Hu, et al. (1998)
• Bertolucci DiDario (1995)
• Eden Zuk (1995)

3
Reason

• Prior to the identification of the role of the
  vestibular system in motion sickness, there were
  two main camps of theories
• Gut shift theories
• Circulatory system disturbance theories
• Some non-vestibular theories persisted after the
  demonstration of the importance of the vestibular
  system
• Goal of chapter was to clear away persisting
  false theories of motion sickness

4
Reason

• 19th Century
• Gut shift theory vs. disturbances of the
  circulatory system
• Gut shift theories
• Some variation of the viscera being tossed around
  leading to imbalances in bodily fluids, brain
  anemia caused by pooling of blood in the gut,
  etc.
• Circulatory system disturbance theories
• Anemia of brain and upper cervical cord due to
  inability of the heart to pump enough blood,
  irritation of the eyes due to perceived motion,
  congestion of blood in the vomiting center of
  the brain, etc.
• Cited the benefits of assuming a supine position
  as support

5
Reason

• Popular treatments
• Mechanical treatments
• hypogastric belt
• shock treatment
• Medicinal treatments
• Chloroform
• Atropine
• Opium
• Cocaine
• Strychnine
• Ammonia with opium
• Nitrous Oxide
• Nitroglycerine

6
Reason

• Popular treatments (cont.)
• Dietary treatments
• Rew with Sage, Saffron, dry toast, soup made of
  horseradish and rice, pickled onions, lemon juice
  and sour pickles
• Treatments werent all bad by todays standards,
  hyoscine hydrobromide is derived from belladonna,
  which was used with ether to prevent seasickness

7
Reason

• Late 19th Century
• First mention of a proprioceptive sense and the
  relationship between the vestibular system and
  motion sickness.
• Not well received initially

8
Reason

• William James (1882), Reynolds (1884) Deaf-mute
  studies
• Lesions of the inner ear or damage to the inner
  ear associated with deafness also prevented
  motion sickness

http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_system
9
Reason

• First half of the 20th century
• Establishment of the sensory conflict theory of
  motion sickness
• This theory actually had its origins in the 19th
  century with visual vertigo
• McIntyre (1941)
• Motion sickness is primarily due to disturbance
  of the sense of orientation in space, usually
  caused by an inflow of conflicting impulses from
  different receptors, in particular, the inner ear
  and the eye.

10
Reason

• First half of the 20th century (cont.)
• Wave motion simulation studies .25-.33 Hz
• Became a military problem when large numbers of
  troops needed to be transported by air and sea
  during WWII.
• Hyoscine seemed effective if taken in the proper
  dosage
• Psychological theories

11
Reason

• Postwar Developments
• Antihistamines found to be effective in
  preventing motion sickness (affected the CNS)
• Otolithic overstimulation vs. sensory conflict
  theory
• Lack of expected motion can cause motion sickness
  as well (simulator sickness)

12
Current treatments for motion sickness

• Based on the trend of research related to motion
  sickness, what system would you expect current
  treatments to effect?

13
Hu, et al.

• Investigated the relationship between dietary
  intake (milk or water) on the severity of motion
  sickness.
• Participants drank 300 ml of milk, 300 ml of
  water, or nothing. 15 minutes later motion
  sickness was induced using a circular vection
  drum with vertical black and white stripes.

14
Hu, et al.

• No significant differences were found in
  subjective experience of motion sickness between
  conditions.
• Previous studies had shown that heightened motion
  sickness occurred 90 minutes after consuming
  food.
• This design did not give the food long enough to
  reach the area of the digestive system associated
  with increased nausea.
• Similar (though not as creative) to the dietary
  suggestions made in the late 1800s

15
Bertolucci DiDario

• Acustimulation of nerves in the wrist (P6 area)
• Authors reported significant reduction in
  reported motion sickness when subjects used the
  device correctly.
• Shaky experimental design
• Unclear how participants were chosen
• Demand characteristics

16
Bertolucci DiDario

• What happened with the participants that wore the
  device in the active position the whole time?
• Similar to shock-belt used in the late 1800s.
• Miller, K. E. Muth E. R. (2004). Efficacy of
  acupressure and acustimulation bands for the
  prevention of motion sickness. Aviation, space,
  and environmental medicine, 75 (1), pp. 227-234

17
Eden Zuk

• Manipulation of Specific Self Efficacy (SSE) to
  moderate the effects of motion sickness
• Participants were basically told that sea
  sickness wasnt all that bad, and that they could
  work through it so they did.
• Could have easily been the result of military
  cadets reporting less seasickness because they
  were told it was expected that they should be
  able to handle it.

18
Eden Zuk

• This approach attempts to explain seasickness in
  a manner similar to the psychological theories
  of the early 1900s
• There was no differentiation between motion
  sickness and emotion sickness.

19
Conclusions

• Pre Sensory conflict theory areas of study
• Electrical current treatment
• Pharmacological treatments
• Dietary regulation
• Psychological factors
• Post Sensory conflict theory areas of study
• Acustimulation (Electrical current treatment)
• Pharmacological treatment (hyoscine hydro.)
• Dietary regulation (milk vs. water, fatty meals,
  etc.)
• Specific Self Efficacy (psychological factors)

20
Conclusions

• The treatments and areas of study regarding
  motion sickness have not changed drastically
  since the 1800s.
• Best approach still seems to be pharmacological.
• No approach seems to directly address sensory
  conflict issues.

21

• Reason, J.T. Brand, J. J. (1975). Motion
  Sickness. New York, Academic Press
• Hu, S., Lagomarsino, J. J., Yue-Jia, L. (1998).
  Drinking milk or water has no effect on the
  severity of optokinetic rotation-induced symptoms
  of motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and
  Environmental Medicine, 69 (12), 1158-1161.
• Bertolucci, L. E. DiDario, B. (1995). Efficacy
  of a portable acustimulation device in
  controlling seasickness. Aviation, Space, and
  Environmental Medicine, 66 (12), 1155-1158.
• Eden, D. Zuk, Y. (1995). Seasickness as a
  self-fulfilling prophecy Raising self-efficacy
  to boost performance at sea. Journal of Applied
  Psychology, 80 (5), 628-635.