BRIDGES

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BRIDGES

• Engineer-It Class
• Summer 2004

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History

• Primitive Peoples
• Logs
• Slabs of Rocks
• Intertwined Vines or Ropes
• Roman EmpireFirst Great Bridge Builders
• Timber Truss Bridges
• Masonry Arch Bridges
• Europeans
• Followed HRE Until Iron and Steel Use
• Nineteenth Century
• Modern Long Bridges
• Moveable Bridges

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Rock Bridges
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Wadi Rum Rock Bridge
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View under Rainbow Bridge, a massive sandstone
bridge in Natural Bridges National Monument,
Utah, includes a dried up streambed. "Rainbow
Bridge, Utah."
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Rope Bridges
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Log Bridges
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LOG BRIDGE

• Members of a Denver and Salt Lake Railroad
  Company (DSL) survey crew pose on a log bridge
  over the Colorado River in Gore Canyon (Grand
  County), Colorado.

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View of a settlement in (probably) Utah shows a
log bridge, a stream, and houses. People sit on a
porch a United States flag waves from a pole.
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U.S. Army soldiers from the Ohio Engineers,
building a small log bridge over a ditch, at Fort
Sheridan, Illinois
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LOG BRIDGE

• View of hot springs site enclosed by stone and
  wooden frame buildings, Hot Sulphur Springs, CO

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Covered Bridges
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COVEREDBRIDGE

• Bridges. Old covered bridge, Jackson River, Va.

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Structure of covered bridge. Wallingford, Vermont
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Covered Bridge, Glen Canyon, Santa Cruz County,
CA
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CONSTRUCTION

• Must carry own weight and weight of traffic
• Must withstand force of high winds
• Must consider effects of contraction and/or
• Expansion due to temperature changes
• Most common materials
• Woodtemporary
• Steelfor long, strong spans
• Reinforced concreteattractive designs but
  difficult to work with on large bridges
• Prestressed concretestronger than reinforced,
  cheaper than steel

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TYPES OF BRIDGES

• Fixed
• Moveable
• Other

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Beam or Girder Bridges
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FIXED

• Beam or Girder
• Two parallel beams w/ flooring supported by piers
• Span can be supported by trestle
• Used for hwy over/underpasses or small stream
  crossings
• ExampleCovered Bridge

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Cars on a suspension bridge over a river,
possibly in Colorado.
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enz_bridge.jpg
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Millennium Bridge, London
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ostruz.jpg www.prevodi-vertalingen.com/.../
ostruz.html
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Truss Bridges
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FIXED

• Truss
• Beam bridge strengthed by trusses (structural
  spts joined to form triangles with tie rods)
• Lighter than ordinary beam sections of equal
  length
• Useful for longer bridges

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Timber Truss Bridge
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Continuous Truss Bridges
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View west of an iron truss bridge crossing the
Colorado River on the Denver and Rio Grande
Railroad Montrose line at Grand Junction,
Colorado people and horses are on a sand bar.
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View of the bridge crossing the White River at
Meeker, CO on the Mesa and Flag Creek road.
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White Water Creek Bridge, Spanning White Water
Creek, Bernard vicinity, Dubuque County, IA
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Truss Bridge
View of a trestle bridge that crosses Arastra
Gulch near Silverton (San Juan County), Colorado.
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Jefferson Barracks BridgeLocation Mississippi
River, Jefferson Barracks, Missouri
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Simple Truss Bridges
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FAI 24 Bridge Over the Ohio RiverPaducah,
Kentucky
www.modjeski.com/projects/ servproj/paducah.htm
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gcdranet.homelinux.com/davehonan/ bridges/il.html
Cairo
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Ohio River ferry and railroad bridge, Metropolis,
IL
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Arch Bridges
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FIXED

• Arch
• One or more arches
• Masonry, reinforced concrete or steel
• Roadway on toop of arches or suspended by cables
• Spans can be longer than beam or truss

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Aquaduct
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Old stone bridge at Bull Run Battlefield.
Manassas, Virginia.
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Stone bridge in Rock Creek Park.
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Stone bridge, Elizabeth Park, Hartford, Ct..
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Old Stone Bridge, Boonton, N.J..
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Stone Bridge at Bowling Green, Gallatin vicinity,
Sumner County, TN
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Segovia, Spain
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Franklin Park, Ellicott Bridge, Emerald Necklace,
Boston, MA
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Pont du Gard
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Arch bridge, Bellows Falls, Vt..
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Bayonne Bridge, Spanning Kill Van Kull between
Bayonne Staten Is, Bayonne, Hudson County, NJ
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Kill van Kull Bridge
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Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting
RailroadBridge), New York.
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Hell Gate Bridge (New York Connecting
RailroadBridge), New York.
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Steel Arch Bridge, Niagara.
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http//www.brokk.com/images/jpg/sando.jpg
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Sydney, Australia
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Arches can also be set above the deck as on the
Sydney harbour bridge in Australia. This allows
much more space beneath for ships to pass under.
www.bardaglea.org.uk/.../ bridge-types-arch.html
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Blue Water Bridges are a major international
crossing over the St. Clair river at the southern
end of Lake Huron
Blue Water Bridge
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Eads Bridge, St. Louis
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Port Mann Bridge, Coquitlam-Surrey BCThis
graceful steel arch, once the third-longest of
its kind in the world, carries the Trans-Canada
highway across the Fraser River. In 2002 its
capacity was increased with the addition of an
eastbound high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane,
bringing the total to five
www.balsabridge.com/ bridge-van.htm
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Cantilever Bridges
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FIXED

• Cantilever
• Double-ended brackets supporting a center span
• Shore end of each cantilever firmly anchored
• Center supported by pier

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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
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Quebec Bridge
On June 15, 1907 an inspecting engineer noted
that two girders of the anchor was misaligned by
a quarter of an inch.  Cooper called this a "not
serious" problem.  In the inspection report in
August, 1907, it was noted that the girders had
moved out alignment a bit more and "appeared
bent".  Although this condition was a bit more
concerning, the work continued.
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Scotland's Firth of Forth
A period museum photo shows cranes atop the
massive structure. The bridge was constructed
from 1882-1890, 2.5 KM (1.5 miles) across
Scotland's Firth of Forth.  Note reflection of
photographer from glass frame.  
http//www.pre-engineering.com/resources/forth/for
thbridge.htm
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http//www.brantacan.co.uk/cantilever.htm
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Lewis and Clark Bridge (Longview-Rainier Bridge)
across the Columbia River.
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Queensboro Bridge, Roosevelt Island, New York,
N.Y..
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Astoria bridge
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Suspension Bridges
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FIXED

• Suspension
• Roadway hangs from vertical cables supported by
  overhead cables strung between two or more towers
• Longest spans
• Costly
• Difficult to design
• Highly susceptible to winds and swaying
• Cables can be up to three feet in diameter

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Tanana River suspension bridge.
http//tapseis.anl.gov/guide/photo/Tanana_Bridge.h
tml
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Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong
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Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, Japan
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Brooklyn Bridge
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The 3rd Carquinez Strait Bridge will replace the
original bridge that was built in 1927.
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Ambassador Bridge
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Ambassador Bridge
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Golden Gate Bridge
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Golden Gate Structures
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When it opened in 1964, the Verrazano Narrows
Bridge was the world's longest suspension span.
Today, its length is surpassed only by the Humber
Bridge in England.
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Verrazano
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Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsing, Tacoma,
Washington, 1940 On the morning of November 7,
1940, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently
in 42-mile-per-hour winds and collapsed into the
cold waters of the Puget Sound. The disaster --
which luckily took no human lives -- shook the
engineering community and forever changed the way
bridges were built around the world. Roadway of
Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisting violently in a
windstorm, Tacoma, Washington, 1940
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Cable-Stayed Bridges
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FIXED

• Cable-Stayed
• Suspended by cables that run directly down to
  roadway from central towers
• Less costly than suspension
• Quickly constructable
• Spans must be limited in length

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Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and
Bradenton, Florida
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Sunshine Skyway Bridge, St. Petersburg and
Bradenton, Florida
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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL
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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL
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Clark Bridge in Alton, IL
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Dames Port Florida
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Dames Port Florida
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Dames Port Florida
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Swing Bridges
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MOVEABLE

• Swing
• Central span turned 90 degrees on pivot pier
  placed in middle of waterway
• Double swing possible

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Catalog Advertisement
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Moveable Bridge
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BRIDGE ACROSS SHATT-AL-ARAB, IRAQ
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Detail of south truss showing truss configuration
and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3
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Detail of south truss showing truss configuration
and connections HAER, MASS,2-WIND,1-3
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Coleman Bridge, Spanning Phelps Brook, on Windsor
Bush Road, at th, Windsor, Berkshire County, MA
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Bascule Bridges
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MOVEABLE

• Bascule
• One or two sections not supported by piers
• Balanced on one end by counterweights
• Section jackknifes up to allow passage of ships
• Most common type of highway drawbridge

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View of an elevated train crossing the Van Buren
Street Railroad Bridge which spanned the Chicago
River from the Loop to the Near West Side
community area in Chicago, Illinois.
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View of a bascule bridge over the Chicago River
in Chicago, Illinois.
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Haarlem old lifting bridge.
Lifting bridges are moveable bridges which enable
boats to pass. They vary from simple wooden
designs such as many seen in the Netherlands to
large steel structures which carry heavy roads
such as the bascule bridge in Docklands.
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Erie Street Bridge, a bascule bridge, with the
two leaves in raised position
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Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
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Erie Avenue BridgeNewberry Bridge
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Vertical Lift Bridges
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MOVEABLE

• Vertical Lift
• Central span extends between two towers
• Balanced by counterweights
• Variation of this type is bridge over
  Shatt-al-arab River in IraqRoadway sinks into
  water to allow ships to pass over it

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Vertical lift Baltimore (Pratt) through-truss
railroad bridge
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Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge Buzzards Bay,
Massachusetts
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Leamington Lift Bridge, Scotland
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Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New
Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond
County, NY
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Goethals Bridge, Spanning Arthur Kill from New
Jersey to Staten Isl, Staten Island, Richmond
County, NY
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GUIABA RIVER AT PORTO ALEGRE, BRAZIL
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The vertical lift bridge that carries US-41
across the Portage Canal.
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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..
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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..
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Aerial bridge, Duluth, Minn..
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Bailey Bridges
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OTHER

• Bailey
• Small truss bridge made in sections
• Assembled on shore
• Pushed out from shore to cover span
• Transportable to new sites

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Bailey
Tank destroyer advances along a mountain road,
Italy
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Pontoon Bridges
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OTHER

• Pontoon
• Floats on water
• Can be disassembled and moved to new site
• Supported by pontoons or barges

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The U.S. Army's Sava River bridge is taken apart
at nightfall and put together in the morning
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View of James River Pontoon Bridge, from south
side, above Jones' Landing.
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Pontoon bridges, North Anna, constructed by the
50th N.Y.V. Engineers, below railroad bridge,
where a portion of the 2nd Corps, under Gen.
Hancock crossed 23rd May, 1864
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Broadway Landing, Va. Pontoon bridge across the
Appomattox
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Evergreen Floating Bridge
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Evergreen Bridge.The official name of the
bridge is the Governor Albert D. Rosellini Bridge
at Evergreen Point, after a popular former
governor who was in office when the bridge
opened.
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Combined Bridges
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Stony Brook glen, Shawmut Bridge, Dansville,
N.Y..
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Knie_bridge
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Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg
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Lake_Pontchartrain_Causeway-vi.jpg
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Old Alton Bridge
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Name that Bridge

• Give the type for each.

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