Global History and Geography Regents 2005

1
Global History and Geography Regents 2005

• Susan E. Hamilton

2
Global History Geography

• Introduction Overview of Program
• Test Structure
• Study Test-taking Strategies
• Thematic Essay Review
• Final Tips

3
Test Structure

• 50 multiple choice questions on ninth and tenth
  grade material
• One thematic essay on broad topic
• Several short answer document-based questions
• One essay based on the documents

4
How to Study for the Regents

• Identify your strengths and weaknesses and focus
  on your weaknesses
• Know how you learn
• Break up study sessions in small chunks of time
• make yourself accountable - have someone quiz you

5
Multiple choice Questions

• General social studies/vocabulary
• speaker/quotation
• maps/political cartoon/graphs/charts
• fact/opinion
• cause/effect
• trend/global issues
• outline/main ideas
• chronological order

6
Multiple choice strategies

• Read the question carefully. If it is unclear
  translate it (change vocabulary)
• Use word association to make connections between
  key words and what you know
• If possible, determine whether the question is
  asking for a positive or negative answer
• Go with what you know
• Use process of elimination
• Check your answers

7
Positive Global Events/Ideas

• Pax Romana
• Magna Carta
• Enlightenment
• Renaissance
• Scientific Revolution
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• detente
• Glasnost

8
Negative Global Events/Ideas

• Absolutism/ totalitarianism/ fascism
• Armenian Massacre/Holocaust/Cambodian genocide/
  ethnic cleansing in Bosnia/ Rwandan genocide
• Maos Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution
• collectivization
• apartheid

9
Vocabulary translations

• Westernizemodernizeindustrialize
• independenceself-determination nationalism
  autonomy sovereignty
• traditional before industrialization
• mercantilismfavorable balance of trade
• imperialism colonialism
• imperial power mother country, colonial power
• Marxist socialism communism/Marxism
• bourgeoisie middle class
• capitalism free market, supply and demand

10
Thematic Essay Strategies

• Study key global and geography themes
• Read the task and be sure you understand what is
  being asked.
• Brainstorm ideas using word association. Think
  Who? What? Where? When? Why? How?
• Make a chart or graphic organizer using the
  information provided
• Write your essay based on your chart
• Reread your essay and add any additional relevant
  information

11
Document-based Questions

• Always read the question before you read the
  document.
• As you read the document, underline the answer
• Answer ALL the document questions using
  information from the document

12
Document-based Essay Tips

• Brainstorm using word association. It is VERY
  IMPORTANT to include information relating to the
  topic beyond the information found in the
  documents. Think Who? What? Where? When? Why?
  How?
• Make a chart or graphic organizer using the
  information provided
• Make sure that you use and cite the required
  number of documents. Keep in mind documents are
  meant to support your position.
• Be sure you have included outside information(you
  may wish to underline this)

13
Geography Its Effects

• Natural resources iron ore coal in Britain
  Industrial Revolution, diamonds in S.Africa, gold
  in Latin America
• Rivers early civilizations emerge Nile River in
  Egypt, Fertile Crescent
• Water sources Middle East and Russia
• Island status
• Japans isolation limited natural resources -
  imperialism industrialization,
• Great Britain- strength of navy, ports, WWII

14
Geography Its Effects

• Monsoons feast or famine of South Asia, Green
  Revolution
• Irregular coastline Italy has many natural
  ports, inviting trade Renaissance, England
• Land Bridge Korea serves as a cultural bridge
  between Japan and China
• Great Eurasian Plain allowed easy invasions of
  Poland and USSR (WWII)

15
Geography Its Effects

• Enormous size of Russia frequent invasion,
  difficult to conquer, quest for warm-water ports
• Harsh winter Russias General Winter helped
  defeat Napoleon and Hitler
• Smooth(regular) coastlines unnavigable rivers
  in Africa delay European imperialism
• Location of Middle East cultural diffusion and
  conflict over Holy Land
• Oil resources Iraq takeover of Kuwait, OPEC

16
Global Problems

• Know location, causes, effects and possible
  solutions
• overpopulation
• deforestation
• desertification
• status of women
• nuclear proliferation
• pollution/global warming/depletion of resources
• urbanization
• famine
• terrorism

17
Turning Points

• Just about any revolution can be a turning point
  in a nations history
• Others include
• Signing of Magna Carta (1215)
• Fall of Constantinople (1453)
• Voyages of Columbus (1492)
• Collapse of Soviet Union (1990)
• End of apartheid in South Africa (1990)

18
Political Systems

• Democracy govt by the consent of the people,
  protection of individual rights
• Direct Athens
• Indirect Rome
• Parliamentary Britain India
• Word association Pericles, John Locke,
  Enlightenment

19
Political Systems

• Communism government control of
  economy(command), classless society
• Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin
  1917-1990
• China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping 1949
• Cuba, Fidel Castro1959
• Vietnam Ho Chi Minh 1975
• Cambodia Pol Pot
• North Korea Kim Jong Il

20
Political Systems

• Totalitarianism/Authoritarian (Stalin)
• Fascist (Hitler, Mussolini)
• Theocracy/Religious rule (Ayatollah
  KhomeiniIran, Taliban/Afghanistan)
• Oppressive dictator (Saddam Hussein)
• Autocratic (Czars of Russia)
• Absolute rule/divine right (King Louis XIV and
  Louis XVI)
• Feudalism local control/strict social system/lord

21
Religion Philosophies

• Hinduism
• India
• Sacred text Vedas Upanishads
• Basic beliefs several gods, caste system,
  reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cow
• Impact caste system remains strong in rural
  areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are
  vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny)

22
Religion Philosophies

• Buddhism
• Southeast Asia
• Basic beliefs reincarnation, nirvana, Four Nobel
  Truths
• life is full of suffering
• suffering is caused by a desire for things
• suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire
• following the Eightfold Path will help overcome
  desire (right thinking and action)

23
Religion Philosophies

• Judaism
• Israel, created in 1948
• Holy Book Torah
• Three beliefs monotheistic, God gave Hebrews the
  land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Commandments
• Spread throughout world as a result of Diaspora
• Impact Zionism (Jewish nationalism), conflict in
  the Middle East

24
Religion Philosophies

• Christianity
• Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)
• Holy Book Bible
• Three beliefs monotheistic, Jesus Christ as
  savior, 10 Commandments
• Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Mans
  Burden)
• Impact Crusades, dominant institution during the
  Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin
  Luther)

25
Religion Philosophies

• Islam
• Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia
• Holy Book Quran (Koran)
• Three beliefs monotheistic, Five Pillars (faith,
  prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca),
  Sharia (Islamic laws)
• Spread through trade and conquest
• Impact Islamic fundementalism in Iran (1979)

26
Religion Philosophies

• Confucianism
• China
• Basic beliefs Five Basic Human Relationships,
  education should be the road to advancement,
  filial piety (respect for family)
• Impact provides social order and encourages
  education

27
Revolutions

• Neolithic RevolutionFROM nomadic tribes TO
  domestication of animals and farming giving rise
  to early civilizations
• Commercial RevolutionFROM limited trade based on
  barter TO urban centers and new middle class
  leading to changes in business practices(mercantil
  ism capitalism)
• Scientific Revolution FROM medieval thinking TO
  use of observation and reason

28
Revolutions

• Glorious Revolution FROM absolutist policies of
  James II TO William and Mary signing of Bill of
  Rights limiting power of the monarchy in Great
  Britain
• French Revolution FROM absolute monarchy of
  Louis XVI TO democratic ideals of Enlightenment
• Industrial Revolution FROM cottage industry
  (goods made at home by hand) TO factory system,
  women working, higher standard of living, reform
  movement

29
Revolutions

• Russian Revolution FROM Czarist autocratic rule
  of Nicholas II TO communist rule under Lenin
• Chinese RevolutionFROM warlord control and civil
  war with Nationalists TO communist rule under Mao
  Zedong (supported by peasants)
• Iranian RevolutionFROM western rule of Shah Reza
  Pahlevi TO Islamic Fundementalist rule of
  Ayatollah Khomeini
• Green Revolution FROM limited crop yield TO
  double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia

30
Chronological Events

• EUROPE Ancient Greece Roman Empire Roman
  Empire fall splits east Byzantine Empire
  (thrives from trade) and west Dark
  Ages/feudalism Crusades rise of trade
  Renaissance/Reformation Age of Exploration
  Commercial Revolution Absolute kings
  Enlightenment French Revolution Industrial
  Revolution Age of Imperialism WWI WWII
  independence movements in colonies Cold War
  fall of USSR EU

31
More chronological events

• AfricaEarly kingdoms (Ghana, Mali Songhai)
  Transatlantic Slave Trade scramble for Africa
  by European nations demands for independence
  after WWII (Nkrumah Kenyatta) tribalism
  lingers trend toward democratic nations
• India Mughal Empire (Akbar) British rule
  Gandhis independence movement partitioning
  (India Pakistan) lingering tensions

32
More chronological events

• Japan Chinese influence feudal period
  (Tokugawa Shogunate) Mathew Perry visits
  Meiji Restoration(westernization) imperialism
  (raw materials) WWII democratic economic
  superpower
• China Early dynasties Opium War Spheres of
  Influence Boxer Rebellion Civil War
  Communist Revolution (1949 - Mao) Great Leap
  Forward/ Cultural Revolution Dengs economic
  reforms (1980s) calls for democratic reforms
  Tiananmen Square massacre

33
More chronological events

• Russia harsh autocratic rule under czars 1917
  Bolshevik Revolution (Lenin) Stalins
  totalitarian rule WWII Cold War Gorbachevs
  Glasnost Perestroika Collapse of Soviet
  Union democracy free market
• Latin America Spanish conquest harsh rule
  (encomienda system) Slave trade nationalist
  movements military dictatorships democratic
  trend

34
More chronological events

• Middle East River Valley Civilizations
  Byzantine Empire Golden Rule of Islamic Rule
  Crusades
• Rise Fall of Ottoman Empire
• Turkey modernizes (Ataturk)
• Arab-Israeli conflict (Zionism Holocaust
  wars PLO Camp David Accords Intifada
  conflict continues
• Shah overthrown Iranian Revolution (1979)
  Islamic fundementalist state war with
  Iraq/conflict with US
• Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait Gulf War
• Taliban in Afghanistan overthrown by US

35
Key People

• Nationalists
• Communists
• Women
• Supporters of Westernization
• Religious leaders
• Ruthless Leaders
• Enlightened thinkers
• others

36
Nationalists

• Simon Bolivar, Toussaint LOverture Latin
  America Jose de San Martin
• Italy Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi
• India Mohandas Gandhi
• Africa Kenyatta(Kenya), Nkruma(Ghana)
• China Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek
• Middle East Arafat (Palestine), Ben-Gurion
  (Israel - Zionist)

37
Communists

• Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism)
• V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
• Fidel Castro (Cuba)
• Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China)
• Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam)
• Kim Jong Ill (North Korea)

38
Women

• World Leaders Indira Gandhi (India), Benazar
  Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret
  Thatcher (Great Britain)
• Humanitarian Concerns Mother Tereasa (India),
  Aung Su (Myanmar), Rigoberta Menchu (Guatamala)
• Enlightened thinker Mary Wollstonecraft

39
Supporters of Westernization

• Russia Catherine the Great, Peter the Great
• Iran Shah Rezi Pahlevi
• Turkey Kemel Aturk
• Japan Emperor Meiji

40
Religious leaders

• Martin Luther
• Goal to reform Roman Catholic Church
• Action posted 95 Thesis, believed in faith alone
  for salvation
• Reformation shattered religious unity in Europe

41
Religious leaders

• Ayatollah Khomeini
• Goal remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and western
  influence and replace it with an Islamic
  Fundementalist state
• Impact Iranian Islamic Revolution in 1979.
  Government required strict adherence to Islamic
  law and enacted anti-western policies, held
  American hostages for over one year, women lost
  rights

42
Ruthless Leaders

• Adolf Hitler (Germany)
• Pol Pot (Cambodia)
• Slobadon Milosevic (Serbia)
• Mao Zedong (China)
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

43
Enlightened Thinkers

• John Locke
• Rousseau
• Voltaire
• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Montesquieu

44
Other Key People

• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations
  advocating laissez-faire capitalism (govt leaves
  businesses alone)
• Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a handbook for
  rulers, the ends justify the means it is
  better to be feared than loved
• Nelson Mandela first black South African
  president, fought against apartheid

45
Economic Systems

• Traditional based on barter (trade)
• Manorialismfeudal manors (self-sufficient)
• Mercantilism export more than import, led to
  imperialism
• Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism based on
  profit, private ownership, little govt
  interference
• Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism govt
  makes all economic decisions, no private ownership

46
Human Rights Violations

• Denial of basic political, economic and social
  rights to which all humans are entitiled
• Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in Russia/Holocaust
• Apartheid blacks in South Africa
• Untouchables in India
• Students in China (Cultural Rev./Tiananmen
  Square)
• Dissidents under Stalin other communist leaders
• Urban population in Cambodia (Khmer Rouge)
• Tutsies in Rwanda
• Muslims in Bosnia
• Women under Taliban rule

47
Early Civilization Contributions

• Mesopotamia legal system, wheel, irrigation,
  cuniform (Sumerian writing)
• Egypt hieroglyphics, medicine, architecture
• Phoenicians alphabet
• Chinasilk-making, gunpowder
• Hebrewsmonotheism, Ten Commandments
• Muslimsalgebra, astronomy, medicine
• Gupta zero, decimal, Arabic numerals
• Rome law, aqueducts, architecture
• Mauryan spread of Buddhism, organized government

48
Organizations Groups

• European Union (EU) a growing group made up of
  European nations. Its goal is to expand free
  trade (no tariffs). Use euro.
• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)Its goal
  is to create an independent state in Palestine
  (conflict with Israel)
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
  (OPEC) Its goal is to control the oil industry by
  setting production levels prices.
• United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote
  global peace and encourage economic and social
  well-being.

49
More organizations

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) a
  growing military alliance between democratic
  nations (former communist nations)
• Warsaw Pact a counter military alliance made up
  of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations
  (Cold War)
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) its
  goal is to promote free trade between US, Canada
  and Mexico (pros and cons)

50
Nationalism

• Devotion to ones nations independence
• Groups seeking independence
• Chechyns in Russia
• Tibetans in China
• Kurds in Iraq
• Albanians in Kosovo
• Palestinians in Palestine

51
Imperialism

• Taking over a territory for raw materials,
  markets, power and prestige
• NEGATIVE treated natives as inferior, exploited
  natural resources, forced labor
• POSITIVE brought technology, medicine and
  infrastructure
• AFRICA Berlin Conference, Scramble for Africa,
  MauMau Uprising, lingering conflict
• CHINA Opium War, spheres of influence, Boxer
  Rebellion
• INDIA British East India CO., Sepoys, Gandhi

52
Cold War Events

• War of tensions between United States and Soviet
  Union (1945-1990), fear of spreading communism
• Containment/ Marshall Plan
• Berlin Blockade
• NATO Warsaw Pact collective security
• Berlin Wall
• Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis
• Korean War and Vietnam War

53
Final Words

• Know you can do this.
• Prepare using effective studying strategies
• Eat before the exam
• Bring pens with you to the exam
• Relax and do the best you can
• Look at the essays first and brainstorm
• Best of luck on the Regents!