Computer%20Storage

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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

• 1953-early 1960s
• Drum divided into tracks
• Each track has own read head eliminating time
  to move heads
• Controller just waits until sought data comes
  by
• Speed of data storage/retrieval dependent on
  rotational speed.
• Programmers wrote code onto drum in a
  particular fashion

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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

IBM 305 RAMVAC Introduced 1956
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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

1965 Removable disk Pack introduced Cassette
tapes used for storage in early 1970s 1971 --
First floppy disk (8) introduced by IBM
(100k) 1973 -- IBM introduces the IBM 3340 hard
disk unit 1976 -- 5 ¼ first built Single sided
180K 1978 -- 5 1/4 floppy did not become
popular until Apple 2E in (Price for drive
495) 1980 3 1/2 floppy introduce by
Sony 1987 - SEP. Microsoft ships Microsoft
Bookshelf, its first CD-ROM application. 
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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

1990 - NOV. The Multimedia PC Marketing Council
sets the minimum configuration required of a PC
to run MPC-class software 10-MHz 286 processor,
2MB RAM, 30MB hard drive, 16-color VGA, mouse,
8-bit audio card, 150KBps CD-ROM drive.  1991 -
JUN. Tandy introduces its low-cost CDR-1000
CD-ROM drive for PCs. At US400, including drive
and controller card, it is about half the price
of other drives. 1991 - Insite Technology begins
shipping its 21 MB 3.5-inch floppy disk drive
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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

1993 - OCT. NEC Technologies unveils the first
triple-speed (450KBps) CD-ROM drive. 1994 -
JAN. NEC Technologies ships its quad-speed CD-ROM
priced at US 1000.  1994 - DEC. Iomega Corp.
introduces its Zip drive and Zip disks, floppy
disk sized removable storage in sizes of 25MB or
100MB.
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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

1980 - Seagate Technologies announces the first
Winchester 5.25-inch hard disk drive 1982 -
Davong Systems introduces its 5MB Winchester Disk
Drive for the IBM PC, for US 2000. 1983 IBM
introduced the IBM PC/XT and hard disk drives
also became standard on most personal computers.
1985 Hard disks shrunk to 1.6 tall (still 5
¼) 1987 -- 3.5-inch form factor hard drives
began to appear 1992 -- 1.8-inch form factor
hard drives appeared, weighing only a few ounces
and delivering capacities up to 40 MB 1997 -
NOV. IBM announced the world's highest capacity
desktop PC hard disk drive with new breakthrough
technology called Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR)
heads.
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Computer Storage

• Brief History of Magnetic Storage

1999  - IBM introduces the 10,000 RPM Ultrastar
72ZX -- the world's highest capacity drive at 73
gigabytes (GB). 2000 - IBM announced the
availability of the 1Gb Microdrive, the world's
smallest, lightest and largest capacity mobile
hard disk increasing storage by a factor of
three. 
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Computer Storage

• Interfaces

MFM(Modified Frequency Modulation) RLL
(Run-Length-Limited) ESDI (Enhanced Small Device
Interface or ESDI ) IDE (Intelligent Drive
Electronics or Integrated Drive Electronics
) ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment ) SCSI
(Small Computer System Interface) USB Firewire Fib
re Channel ISCSI (Internet SCSI) INFINIBAND
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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

How much hard disk storage is there in the world?
Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity
Year Disks Sold (Thousands) Storage Capacity (Petabytes)
1992 42,000  
1995 89,054 104.8
1996 105,686 183.9
1997 129,281 343.63
1998 143,649 724.36
1999 165,857 1394.60
2000 200,000 (IDEMA) 4,630.5
2001 196,000 (Gartner) 7,279.14
2002 213,000 (Gartner projection) 10,849.56
2003 235,000 15,892.24
TOTAL 1,519,527 (1.5 billion drives) 41,402.73 (41 exabytes)
Source Raw data, various sources. Chart, How
much information 2003
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Table 1.1 How Big is an Exabyte? Table 1.1 How Big is an Exabyte?
Kilobyte (KB) 1,000 bytes OR 103bytes 2 Kilobytes A Typewritten page. 100 Kilobytes A low-resolution photograph.
Megabyte (MB) 1,000,000 bytes OR 106 bytes1 Megabyte A small novel OR a 3.5 inch floppy disk.2 Megabytes A high-resolution photograph.5 Megabytes The complete works of Shakespeare. 10 Megabytes A minute of high-fidelity sound.100 Megabytes 1 meter of shelved books. 500 Megabytes A CD-ROM.
Gigabyte (GB) 1,000,000,000 bytes OR 109 bytes 1 Gigabyte a pickup truck filled with books. 20 Gigabytes A good collection of the works of Beethoven. 100 Gigabytes A library floor of academic journals.
Terabyte (TB) 1,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1012 bytes 1 Terabyte 50000 trees made into paper and printed. 2 Terabytes An academic research library. 10 Terabytes The print collections of the U.S. Library of Congress. 400 Terabytes National Climactic Data Center (NOAA) database.
Petabyte (PB) 1,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1015 bytes 1 Petabyte 3 years of EOS data (2001). 2 Petabytes All U.S. academic research libraries. 20 Petabytes Production of hard-disk drives in 1995. 200 Petabytes All printed material.
Exabyte (EB) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes OR 1018 bytes 2 Exabytes Total volume of information generated in 1999. 5 Exabytes All words ever spoken by human beings.
Source Many of these examples were taken from
Roy Williams Data Powers of Ten web page at
Caltech.
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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

How many are sold annually?
Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity Table 4.3 Annual production of hard disks units shipped and total storage capacity
Year Disks Sold (Thousands) Storage Capacity (Petabytes)
1992 42,000  
1995 89,054 104.8
1996 105,686 183.9
1997 129,281 343.63
1998 143,649 724.36
1999 165,857 1394.60
2000 200,000 (IDEMA) 4,630.5
2001 196,000 (Gartner) 7,279.14
2002 213,000 (Gartner projection) 10,849.56
2003 235,000 15,892.24
TOTAL 1,519,527 (1.5 billion drives) 41,402.73 (41 exabytes)
Source Raw data, various sources. Chart, How
much information 2003
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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

For what usage?
Table 4.4 Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002 Table 4.4 Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002 Table 4.4 Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002 Table 4.4 Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002 Table 4.4 Total Storage Capacity and Original Info on Hard Drives, 2002
Drive type Est. Units Shipped 2002 Total Storage (in TB) Est. Original Total Original (in TB)
Single-user (PC, laptop, and workstation) 200 million 9 million TB 1 90,000 TB
Server (midrange and enterprise) 20 million 0.9 million TB 35 313,000 TB
  220 million 9.9 million TB   403,000 TB
Source Raw data, various sources. Chart, How
much information 2003
Note that although the number server disks is
only 10 of single-user disks, the capacity is
about 347 times as much.
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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

It is estimated that 60 of this capacity is
unused. Also note that these figures do not
include tapes, CDs, DVDs, floppies, etc.
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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

So, where does this leave us?

• The need for more storage.
• Enter
• DAS
• NAS
• SANS
• DAFS

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Computer Storage

• Mass Storage

Coming soon Feature attraction The
Protocols Starring Fibre Channel FCIP iFCP An
d Introducing ISCSI