Alternatives Derived from Rendered Animal ByProducts

1
Alternatives Derived from Rendered Animal
By-Products

• Dominique P. Bureau

Email dbureau_at_uoguelph.ca
2
Salade de gésiers (Gizzard salad)
Head cheese
Delicatessen counter
Tkalia ou Douara (Lamb offals stew, Morocco)
Tripes à la mode de Caen (Caen-style tripes)
Chicken feet dim sum
3
Over the span of one century, one man's treasure
became another mans trash?!
Michel Charvet Salaisons dAlsace
4
Centralization of Meat Packing Facilities
Chicago stockyards, ca. 1913.
Union Stock Yards, 1866. (CHS ICHi-06898)
"Five hundred animal pens covering 60 acres of
land were used to house the livestock, and the
whole operation could accommodate 21,000 head of
cattle, 75,000 hogs, 22,000 sheep, and 200 horses
at one time,"
5
The Animal Agriculture Industry (U.S. and Canada)
35 million cattle 50 of weight not used for
human food 105 million hogs 42 9
billion chickens 37 255 million turkeys
36 Total 50 billion lb. of farm animal
by-products/year
Fallen animals on farm/year 1.71 million adult
cattle 2.37 million calves 18 million
swine 350 million lb. poultry Total 4.4
billion lb/year (make up less than 5 of
rendered products)
In this context, the rendering industry plays an
important role!!!
6
The Original Recyclers
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What they could have become
Salade de gésiers (Gizzard salad)
Tkalia ou Douara (Lamb offals stew, Morocco)
Chicken feet dim sum
8
The Rendering Industry (U.S. and Canada) The
rendering industry (246 facilities) converts more
than 20,000,000 metric tonnes of animal
by-products into usable commodities annually.
Protein Meals 9.2 billion lb/yr, 4,000,000
metric tonnes Fats 11.6 billion lb/yr,
5,000,000 metric tonnes
Tallows and Greases Edible Tallow 1.6 billion
lb/yr Inedible Tallow 3.9 Lard and
Grease 1.3 Yellow Grease 2.6 Poultry
Fat 2.2 Total 11.6 billion lb/yr
Protein Meals Meat Meal Meat and Bone Meal
Blood Meal Poultry By-Products Meal Poultry
Meal Hydrolyzed Poultry Feather Meal

9
Western Europe (18 countries, 20 companies)
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Historical Note
Meat-Meal Mixtures used in fish culture
(1940-1970) Slaughter house by-products dry
mixture Cortland No. 6 dry mixture 24 skim
milk powder 24 cottonseed meal or soybean
meal 24 white fish meal 24 wheat
middlings 4 salt Recipe 50 beef or hog
liver and spleen 50 dry mixture water
Cold-pressed moist feed made using spaghetti
maker or potato ricer
11
Digestible Protein Concentration Species, Feeds
and Ingredients
Blood meal
Fish meal PBM - Feather meal
Meat meal, Corn gluten meal
SBM - MBM
Canola meal
Corn
Carps Tilapia catfish
Bream Trout Grouper
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Characterizing Economical Animal Protein
Ingredients Digestibility
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Historical Note Early 1990s
1970-95 General lack of trust in nutritive
value of animal proteins for fish yet poultry
and swine studies showed good results!? Why?
Digestibility values of certain animal products
reported in the reference literature (up to 1993)
were very low, making these ingredients
uninteresting to use. USA National Research
Council (1993) Apparent digestibility
coefficient (ADC) of protein Feather meal
58 Poultry meal 68
Guelph Data!
Question asked in early 90s Are the fish
reference values realistic?
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Guelph Fecal Collection System
15
(No Transcript)
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Poultry By-Products Meal
ADC
Guelph System
Protein
Energy
68
71
Cho et al. (1982)
74-85
65-72
Hajen et al. (1993)
96
N/A
Sugiura et al. (1998)
Bureau et al. (1999)
87-91
77-92
Same facilities and methodology
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Feather Meal
ADC
Guelph System
Protein
Energy
58
70
Cho et al. (1982)
82-84
N/A
Sugiura et al. (1998)
81-87
76-80
Bureau (1999)
Stripping
HCl hydrolyzed feather meal
83
81
Pfeffer et al. (1995)
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Meat and Bone Meal
ADC
Guelph System
Protein
Energy
62
70
Cho et al. (1982)
83-89
68-82
Bureau et al. (1999)
Stripping
59
N/A
Skrede et al. (1980)
70
N/A
Dimes et al. (1994)
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Blood Meal
Bureau et al. (1999)
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Cost of Various Common Fish Feed Ingredients
Recommended Values
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Animal Proteins as Sources of Amino Acids? The
digestibility of animal proteins ingredients is
now fairly high but what about the bio-avaibility
of amino acids? Crystalline amino acids are
widely available. How do animal proteins
compare? Does bioavailability of amino acids
in animal proteins differ between manufacturing
techniques and batches?
22
Final Body Weight - Lysine Bio-Availability Trial
El-Haroun and Bureau (2004)
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Relative Bioavailability of Lysine in Different
Blood Meals
Digestible lysine from blood meal is apparently
of slightly higher bioavailability (bio-efficacy)
than crystalline L-Lysine This observation is
supported by a number of other studies showing
that protein-bound lysine is slightly more
efficiently used by trout, marine fish, carp,
catfish, and shrimp
24
Animal Proteins as a Source of Digestible
Phosphorus?
25
Phosphorus Content of Common Fish Feed
Ingredients
Summarized from various sources in literature
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P Digestibility Sub-Model

• Dataset 137 treatments from 22 studies with
  rainbow trout
• Multiple Regression Approach
• Digestible P content
• ? digestibility of P compounds inclusion
  level of P compounds

Hua and Bureau (2006)
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Results Parameter Estimates From Multiple
Regression
Hua and Bureau (2006)
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Experimental Validation Digestibility Trial

• Digestibility trial conducted with the Guelph
  system using the protocol of Cho et al. (1982)

• Reference diet
• fish meal/corn gluten meal-based diet
• Test diets
• 2 fish meals (high vs. low ash)
• 1 meat and bone meal
• 2 poultry by-products meals (high vs. low ash)
• 2 soy protein concentrates (regular vs.
  dephytinized)

Hua and Bureau (2006)
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Validation of P Digestibility Model
Hua and Bureau (2006)
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Modelling P Utilization and Waste Outputs
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ELA Project Phosphorus Mass Balance for 2005
Fish Feed 93.5
Harvest 29.5
Juveniles 6.5
Air
Loss of fish 2.2
Water
Solute release 25-27
Sedimentation 43.0
(estimated by Fish-PrFEQ model fecal traps)
Current dispersion
Benthic flux
?
0.4
Resuspension
Epibenthic grazing
?
5
Sediment accumulation
Sediment
Azevedo and Podemski (2007)
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Use of Rendered Animal Proteins in Practical
Feeds
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Feeds Based on Herring Meal, Menhaden Meal or
Poultry Meal
Unit kg/tonne of feed
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Growth and Feed Efficiency of Rainbow Trout Fed
the Test Feeds for 16 weeks at 15ºC.
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Rendered Lipids
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Fish Oil and Rendered Fats Prices (1997-2001)
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Apparent digestibility of different lipid sources
at different water temperatures
Cho and Kaushik (1990)
Reference diet with very low lipid content. Test
oils and fats provided almost all the lipids in
test diets.
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Study 1 Diet formulation
39
Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the
experimental diets fed to rainbow trout at two
temperatures.
40
Growth performance of fish fed the experimental
diets for 12 weeks.
41
ADC of lipid of diets (ca. 18 crude lipid)
containing increasing levels of saturated lipids
fed to rainbow trout at two temperatures
Data from Bureau et al. (1997)
42
Acknowledgments
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) Fats
and Proteins Research Foundation (FPRF) Canadian
Renderers Rothsay - Sanimax - West
Coast Reduction Ontario Ministry of Agriculture,
Food and Rural Affairs AquaNet, Canadian Network
of Centres of Excellence Fisheries and Oceans
Canada (DFO) National Science and Engineering
Research Council (NSERC) Martin Mills Degussa
Corp. Aqua-Cage Fisheries Ltd. National
By-Products (Darling International) Alma
Aquaculture Research Station