Standards and Protocols Networking Concepts

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Standards and ProtocolsNetworking Concepts

• Instructor D.A. Clements, MLIS

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Just a Thought
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Industry Standards

• Very widely used and generally regarded as
  authoritative
• Compliance is typically voluntary
• Market often deals harshly with non-compliance
• Often reached through consensus of members in an
  industry
• Typically lack authority of law
• Occasionally incorporated into legal codes
• Some cabling standards are in the fire codes
• Some countries may codify

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Industry Standards Organizations
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ISO

• Network of the national standards institutes of
  146 countries
• One member per country
• Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland
• Non-governmental organization
• Developed the OSI Network Reference Model

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Devices / Function / Layers
Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model
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IETF

• Open international community of network
  designers, operators, vendors and researchers
  concerned with the evolution of the Internet
  architecture and the smooth operation of the
  Internet
• Open to any interested individual
• Developed and maintains TCP/IP Protocol of the
  Internet
• Developed the TCP/IP Network Reference Model

Recognizes that problems in the OSI top 3 layers
will require a programming solution not a network
solution
Recognizes that OSI Layer 1 and 2 are
interdependent
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TCP/IP vs. OSI
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TCP/IP Model Protocols Map
Protocol a set of technical rules for the
transmission and receipt of information between
computers and within a network. We will look at
these more later
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IP -- Like Using Postcards

• Information is sent across the Internet using IP
  -- Cerf uses postcard analogy
• Break message into fixed size units
• Form IP packets with destination address,
  sequence number and content
• Each makes its way separately to destination,
  possibly taking different routes
• Reassembled at destination forming msg

Taking separate routes lets packets by-pass
congestion and out-of-service switches
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A Trip to Switzerland

• A packet sent from UW to ETH (Swiss Fed. Tech.
  University) took 21 hops

UW Gateway
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TCP/IP

• Packet-Switching
• Animation

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IEEE

• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
  
• Formed the 802 committee to develop networking
  standards
• 802 comes from February (2nd month) 1980
• Workgroups define specific standards

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IEEE 802 Working Groups

• Active Working Groups and Study Groups
• 802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group
• 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet) Working Group
• 802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group (WLAN)
• 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)
  Working Group
• 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
• 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group
• 802.18 Radio Regulatory Technical Advisory Group
  (TAG)
• 802.19 Coexistence Technical Advisory Group (TAG)
• 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
  Working Group
• 802.21 Media Independent Handoff Working Group
• Inactive Working Groups and Study Groups
• 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) Working Group
• 802.4 Token Bus Working Group
• 802.5 Token Ring Working Group
• 802.9 Isochronous LAN Working Group
• 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group
• Disbanded  Working Groups and Study Groups
• 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network Working Group

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IEEE Sub-Committees Ethernet

• 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet)
• 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet (1998)
• 802.3ab 1000BASE-T (1999)
• 802.3ac VLAN TAG (1998)
• 802.3ad Link Aggregation (2000)
• 802.3ae 10Gb/s Ethernet (2002)
• 802.3af DTE Power via MDI (2003)
• 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile (2004)
• 802.3ak 10GBASE-CX4 (2004)

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IEEE Sub-Committees WLAN

• 802.11a 5GHz, 54Mbps
• 802.11b 2.4GHz, 11Mbps
• 802.11d Multiple regulatory domains
• 802.11e Quality of Service (QoS)
• 802.11f Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
• 802.11g 2.4GHz, 54Mbps
• 802.11h Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
  and Transmit Power Control (TPC)
• 802.11i Security
• 802.11j Japan 5GHz Channels (4.9-5.1 GHz)
• 802.11k Measurement
• 802.11n New draft standard

802.11n uses multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) multiple transmitter and receiver
antennas to improve the system performance
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IEEE Cable Specifications

• 10Base2
• 10Base5
• 10BaseT
• 100BaseT
• 1000BaseSX
• 1000BaseLX

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Cable Standards
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WiFi

• WiFi unofficially known as Wireless Fidelity
• Wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi
  Alliance
• Wi-Fi Alliance
• 170 members
• Over 3,500 products certified
• Wi-Fis Mission
• Certify WLAN product interoperability (802.11)
• Wi-Fi is the stamp of approval
• Promote Wi-Fi as the global standard

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WiFi Members (partial list)
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Ratification Dates for WLAN
802.11g 2.4 GHz OFDM/CCK 54 Mbps
802.11a 5 GHz OFDM 54 Mbps
802.11b 2.4 GHz CCK 11 Mbps
Proprietary

• IEEE 802.11a/b Ratified

Jan99
Jan04
Jan00
Jan01
Jan02
Jan03
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bluetooth
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Bluetooth History

• Bluetooth was invented in 1994 by L. M. Ericsson
  of Sweden. The standard is named after Harald
  Blaatand "Bluetooth" II, king of Denmark
  940-981A.D.
• A runic stone has been erected in his capitol
  city Jelling(Jutland) that depicts the chivalry
  of Harald and the runes say
• Harald christianized the Danes.
• Harald controlled Denmark and Norway.
• Harald thinks notebooks and cellular phones
  should seamlessly communicate. (!)

Source Aman Kansal, Bluetooth Primer, retrieved
4/10/2008 from http//www.holtmann.org/lecture/blu
etooth/bt_primer.pdf
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WLAN vs. Ad Hoc Networks

• Most WIFI (cells, etc.)

• Base stations provide control of
• channel access
• channel allocation
• traffic control
• interference
• Makes design easier!

Source Aman Kansal, Bluetooth Primer, retrieved
4/10/2008 from http//www.holtmann.org/lecture/blu
etooth/bt_primer.pdf
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WLAN vs. Ad Hoc Networks

• Ad Hoc Networks

• All devices share same channel
• Mutually coordinate sharing

Source Aman Kansal, Bluetooth Primer, retrieved
4/10/2008 from http//www.holtmann.org/lecture/blu
etooth/bt_primer.pdf
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Bluetooth Scatternets

• Scatternet Ad hoc Networks

• Large number of devices in a given space
• Different channels, with some overlapping
  devices.
• No coordination among devices belonging to
  different networks

Source Aman Kansal, Bluetooth Primer, retrieved
4/10/2008 from http//www.holtmann.org/lecture/blu
etooth/bt_primer.pdf
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Bluetooth

• Short distance radio
• Ad hoc connectivity
• No controller (unlike phones,
• Connects slave(s) to master
• printer, cameras, scanners, phone, pda to
  computer
• earplug to phone, ipod

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Piconet Two devices
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Piconet Two devices
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Scatternet Masters and Sub Masters
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Typical Scenarios
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Ovens, WIFI, and bluetooth

• Preventing Interference

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Ovens, WIFI, and Bluetooth
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Ovens, WIFI, and Bluetooth

• Coexistence
• The ability for devices from two or more
  standards to operate within their own parameters
  with limited signal degradation to one another.

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Comparing WLAN Bluetooth
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Other Standards Groups

• WiFi Wireless Fidelity Alliance
• UL Underwriters Laboratories
• FCC Federal Communications Commission
• EIA Electronic Industries Alliance
• TIA Telecommunications Industry Association
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• ITU International Telecommunication Union

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End papers

• Anyone who considers protocol unimportant has
  never dealt with a cat.
• Robert Heinlein
• Protocol is etiquette with a government expense
  account.
• Judith S. Marin