Introduction to FrameNet and Verb Knowledge Base

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Introduction to FrameNetandVerb Knowledge Base

• Debasri Chakrabarti

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Overview

• FrameNet
• Description
• Examples
• Verb Knowledge Base (VKB)
• Description
• Examples

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Introduction to FrameNet

• The Berkeley FrameNet project is a
  lexicon-building effort
• study words
• describe the frames or conceptual structures
• examine sentences, using a very large corpus of
  contemporary English that contains these words
• record the ways in which information from the
  associated frames are expressed in these
  sentences

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Users of FrameNet

• NLP researchers
• word sense disambiguation
• machine translation
• information extraction
• question answering
• Lexicographers
• Language teachers and advanced language learners

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Typographic Conventions

• first mention of a technical term appears in bold
  face
• A semantic frame is a script-like structure.
• names of Frames begin with a capital letter.
• The Communication frame is used by numerous other
  frames.
• example sentences set off from the text, target
  words are in bold face
• Bob told a story.
• Constituents which represent frame elements are
  in square brackets
• Bob told a story.

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Frame

• An intuitive construct that links between
  semantics and syntax
• Schematic representations of situations involving
  various participants, each of which is a frame
  element
• Semantic arguments correspond to the frame
  elements of the frame associated with that word

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Frame contd

• Every sense of every word (i.e., every lexical
  unit) has its own frame
• Lexical units that have similar frame structure
  are clustered into groups
• This allows
• generalizations
• to reduce effort

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FrameNet

• Theory-informed and data-driven
• Elements of a frame are decided inductively
• Example, revenge
• the person who has taken revenge on somebody else
  (the Agent or the Avenger)
• the act of taking revenge
• the person who was injured by the offender's act
  (the Injured_Party),
• the offensive act (the Injury)

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FrameNet Annotation

• Frame elements in the Revenge frame are-
• Avenger, Punishment, Offender, Injury, and
  Injured_party
• Lexical units in this frame include
• avenge.v, avenger.n, retaliate.v, retaliation.n,
  retribution.n, retributive.a, retributory.a,
  revenge.v, revenge.n, revengeful.a, revenger.n,
  etc.
• Example
• His brothers Avenger avenged him
  Injured_party.

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Corpora

• FrameNet 1
• The British National Corpus
• FrameNet 2
• LDC North American Newswire corpora in American
  English along with BNC

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Relation between FrameNet and WordNet

• Similarities
• Modeled after WordNet
• Intention for FrameNet
• to be both a dictionary and a thesaurus
• Differences
• FrameNet database is founded on corpus
  attestations
• Differs from WordNet in recognizing relationships
  among words in a single frame that are of
  different parts of speech

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Verbs in FrameNet

• abash cause to be embarrassed
• FrameNet Entry
• abash.v. (Experiencer_obj) Lexical entry
  Annotation
• Lexical Units
• abash.v, aggravate.v, aggrieve.v,
• alarm.v, amaze.v, anger.v,
• annoy.v, antagonize.v, astonish.v,
• astound.v, baffle.v, beguile.v,
• bewilder.v, bewitch.v, bore.v, calm.v.

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Definitions

• (Experiencer_obj)
• Some phenomenon (the Stimulus) provokes a
  particular emotion in an Experiencer.
• Nightmare on Elm Street SCARED me silly.
• Experiencer Exp The Experiencer reacts
  emotionally or psychologically to the Stimulus.
      
•  Horror films TERRIFY Edna. 
• Stimulus Stimulus The Stimulus is the event or
  entity which brings about the emotional or
  psychological state of the Experiencer.       
• The news greatly ALARMS all the women of the
  village.

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Verbs in FrameNet
Frame Element Number Annotated Realizations(s)
Experiencer 6 NP.Ext 3NP.Obj 1--.-- 2
Stimulus 6 NP.Ext 1PPat.Comp 1PPby.Comp 4
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Verbs in FrameNet

• abash.v
• Frame Experiencer_obj
• It was firmly slapped from his hand by his
  mother, and ABASHED by her glare he turned away
  with the rest , to leave the accursed woman alone
  , abandoned , shunned like a leper.
• ABASHED by this sarcasm, the crowd hung back
  while the dazed Chignell fetched the bath chair
  which had caused all the trouble, and lifted his
  master into it.
• After the first shock he was in no way ABASHED by
  the grandeur of Stephen 's estate.
• The house ABASHED me.
• She was ABASHED at herself, her triteness.

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Valence Patterns
Number Annotated Patterns
6 TOTAL Experiencer Stimulus
2 ----- PPbyComp
1 NPExt PPatComp
2 NPExt PPbyComp
1 NPObj NPExt
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Nouns in FrameNet

• dance.n.N (Social_event) Lexical entry Annotation
  
• Social_event
• Definition
• A Host gives a social event to honor someone
  (Honoree) or to celebrate an Occasion, at which
  Attendees are present.
• Sue threw a PARTY in honor of Bob's birthday.

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Definitions

• Attendee Att is used for the people who come to
  the Social_event.    
• The whole group attended the PARTY. 
• Honoree Hon The person for whom the
  Social_event is held.   
• I threw a PARTY for Josef.
• Host Host is the person or organization that
  hosts the Social_event.  
• Ron threw a PARTY.

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Definitions

• Occasion Occ The Occasion for which the
  Social_event is held.
• Sue threw a PARTY in honor of Bob's birthday.
• Refreshment Ref Refreshment is used for the
  meal, food or drinks that are served at the
  Social_event.     
• I enjoy a tasteful dinner PARTY. 
•     
• Social_event Soc This identifies the
  Social_event itself.    
• The department PICNIC was lots of fun.

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Nouns in FrameNet

• dance.n
• Frame Social_event
• Definition
• a social gathering at which people dance.
• Dozens of teenage volunteers were bussed in on
  Tuesday evening for a DANCE with mentally and
  physically handicapped patients.
• All this exciting news is soon forgotten by the
  announcement of a DANCE to be held in the local
  town hall in honour of the Commandos.

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Nouns in FrameNet
Frame Element Number Annotated Realizations(s)
Attendee 4 PPwith.Comp 1NP.Ext 3
Honoree 2 PPin.Comp 2
Host 9 N. 4AJP.1NP.Ext 4
Occasion 3 N. 3
Refreshment 2 N. 2
Social Event 29 --.-- 29
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Valence Patterns

• These frame elements occur in the following
  syntactic patterns

Number Annotated Patterns
4 TOTAL Attendee Social Event
3 NPExt ----
1 PPwithComp ----
1 TOTAL Honoree Host Social Event
1 PPinComp NPExt -----
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Conclusion

• Provides frames for-
• Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives and Prepositions
• Multi-word expressions are covered
• Single sentences are annotated rather than
  running text
• does not offer information about frequency of
  occurrence

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Verb Knowledge Base (VKB)

• English VKB
• Hierarchy
• Entry structure
• Hindi VKB
• Entry structure

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English VKB

• English VKB uses
• Levins English verb classes and their
• alternation
• the hypernymy hierarchy of WordNet
• specifications and the knowledge base of the UNL
  system
• British National Corpus (BNC)

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Levins English verb classes and their alternation

• Syntactic behavior of a verb is semantically
  determined
• Investigation of this hypothesis is made for
  about 3200 English verbs
• 200 semantic classes of verbs
• Verbs within a class share a number of
  alternations
• Example classes
• verbs of putting,
• verbs of communication,
• correspond verbs etc.

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Hierarchical Structure
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Example of a Ditransitive Verb

• Verb
• Restriction
• Semantic attributes
• Example
• Gloss
• Sentence Frame
• give
• (iclgtdo(agtgtperson,golgtperson,objgtthing))
• VOA, VTRANS
• She gave me a book on my birthday.
• to make a gift of
• NP VP NP NP

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Example of a Ditransitive Verb

• give
• (iclgtdo(agtgtperson,objgtthing,golgtperson
  (prepto)))
• VOA, VTRANS
• She gave a book to me on my birthday.
• to make a gift of
• NP VP NP PP to

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Example of Ditransitive Verb

• put
• (iclgtmove(agtgtperson,objgtthing,golgt
• place(loc_prepin/on/under/over)))
• VOA, VTRANS
• Put your clothes in the cupboard.
• to put something into a certain place
• NP VP NP PP in/on/under/over

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Example of an Intransitive Verb

• fight
• (iclgtact(agtgtperson))
• VOA, VINT
• He fought against racism.
• to use a lot of effort to defeat or achieve
  something
• NP VP

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Example of an Ergative Verb

• melt
• (iclgtdissolvegtliquefy(objgtconcrete thing))
• VOO, VINT, ERG
• The ice melted.
• to turn from something solid into something soft
  or liquid
• NP VP

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Transitive Counterpart of Ergative Structure

• melt
• (iclgtmake(agtgtperson,objgtconcrete thing))
• VOA, VTRANS
• She melted the ice.
• to cause to turn from something solid into
  something soft or liquid
• NP VP NP

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Different Senses in Hindi VKB

• ?????
• ????? ??? ??? ???? (???????? ????)
• ???? ?? ????? ????? (???????? ????)
• ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? (?????? ?????)

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Intransitive Verbs in Hindi VKB

• ?????
• ((iclgtspeak(agtgtperson))
• VINT,VOA,VOA-ACT
• ????? ??? ??? ???
• ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????
• NP VP

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Transitive Verbs in Hindi VKB

• ?????
• (iclgtperceive(agtgtperson,objgtthing))
• VTRANS,VOA,VOA-ACT
• ?? ??????? ??? ??? ???
• ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????
• NP VP NP

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Causative Verbs

• ??????
• (iclgtshowgtdo(agtgtperson,golgtperson,
• objgtthing))
• VTRANS,VOA,VOA-ACT, CAUSV
• ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????
• ?????? ??????
• NP VP NP NP.

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Corpus help in Hindi VKB

• ?????
• ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????
  (?????? ????)
• ???? ?? ???? ????? (???, ????? ??? ?? ???? ???
  ????)
• ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? (??????, ????? ??? ?? ???
  ????)

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Conclusion

• VKB specifies
• Subcategorization frame
• Selectional Preferences
• Thematic Roles
• Hindi VKB
• extensive use of corpora
• hierarchical structure not present

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Reference

• http//www.icsi.berkeley.edu/framenet/