University of Minnesota Poultry Research DDGS

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University of MinnesotaPoultry Research - DDGS

• Sally Noll
• Animal Science Department

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What is DDGS?

• Co-product of the dry-milling ethanol industry
• Corn (maize) DDGS - Midwestern US
• Official definition
• 75 of resultant solids condensed dried
• Wheat DDGS - Canada
• Sorghum (milo) DDGS - Great Plains US
• Barley DDGS - Spain

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Considerations in Feeding DDGS to Poultry

• Product quality and variability
• Amino acid digestibility
• Feeding recommendations for broilers, layers and
  market turkeys
• Diet levels
• Amino acid balance
• Metabolizable energy content
• Source of xanthophylls
• Phosphorus availability or digestibility

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Nutrient CompositionNew Generation DDGS

• Sally Noll, Turgay Ergul, and Chikako Abe
• University of Minnesota
• Bonnie Walters
• University of Wisconsin, River Falls
• Carl Parsons and C. Martinez-Amezcua
• University of Illinois

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Nutrient Characteristics

• Survey and Collection of Samples
• Chemical analyses
• Amino Acid Digestibility
• Relationships to dAA
• Color
• IDEA (Novus) values

Noll and Parsons, 2003
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Sample Collection

• 7 Ethanol Plants
• 4 samples/plant taken periodically during Spring
  02 and in 2003
• Feed mills (6) collected samples from incoming
  lots (28 samples total)
• ID by feed mill, plant source, date of sample

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Sample Analyses

• Chemical analyses
• Amino acids
• Proximates
• Minerals
• Sugar and Starch
• Amino acid digestibility (IL, chickens)

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Total Lysine Content as Affected by Production
Source
CV 4.6 3.3 5.6 3.8
5.6 13.8 3.4
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Other Quality Measurements

• Color (Minolta Chromameter, B. Walters UW-River
  Falls, T. Ergul, UM)
• L (lightness)
• b (yellowness)
• IDEA (C. Schasteen, Novus)

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Measuring Color

• The La b color space (CIELAB) is one of the
  most popular color space for measuring color of
  various objects-assigning a numerical value
• The letter represents a color solid, where L
  lightness or darkness, a redness, -a
  greenness, b yellowness and b blueness
• Hunterlab L a b readings

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Color and SBM quality

• Color changes in ingredients when heated have
  been observed (browning reaction)
• McNaughton et al. (1981) indicated that color
  (Hunterlab) is a quick and reliable method of
  determining soybean meal quality.
• Additional heating of soybean meal resulted in
  higher a color scores and poorer broiler
  performance.

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Color and Nutritional Value of DDGS

• Cromwell et al. (1993)
• Beverage and fuel derived DDGS
• Lys ranged from .43 to .89
• Samples scored for color and with Hunterlab
  readings
• DDGS were fed in a chick performance assay

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Color Score and Chick Wt Gain
Cromwell et al., 1993
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OBJECTIVES

• To determine amino acid digestibility of corn
  derived dried distillers grains with solubles
  (CDDGS)
• To determine if any correlation exists between
  the color and amino acid digestibility

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Color Measurement

• Minolta Chroma Meter CR-300
• CDDGs placed in Petri dish
• Color (L, a, and b values) readings taken at
  five locations on the horizontal surface
• Color readings averaged across location
• Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
• One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for source
  differences Least Significant Difference (LSD)
  (P
• Regression analyses and correlation coefficients

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From Ergul et al., 2003
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IDEA testing by C. Schasteen, Novus Digestible
lysine by C. Parsons, IL
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In Summary

• Characteristics of corn DDGs were similar to NRC
  (94) with the following exceptions
• higher fat and lower fiber
• higher contents of thr, arg, try
• higher phosphorus availability
• Several sources high lys digestibility
• Color (lightness (L) and yellowness (b)) were
  correlated with lys digestibility
• Dig. ys correlated with IDEA value

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Survey - Production Source Characteristics

• Consistent nutrient profile by source
• Na exception
• Higher protein and fat contents
• High amino acid digestibility
• DDGs with high lys content tended to have high
  amino acid digestibility
• Quality reflected by color or IDEA value

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DDGS and Market Turkey Performance

• Sally Noll and Jeanine Brannon
• University of Minnesota

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DDGs in Market Turkey Diets

• Early research prior to 1970s turkey poults to
  8 wks
• Levels of 10 similar or improved growth
• Levels of 20 increased feed/gain

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Current Market Turkey Research

• Roberson, 2003
• Hen turkeys grow/finish diets
• Isocaloric digestible amino acids
• Noll ongoing 4 experiments
• Tom turkeys grow/finish diets (5-19 wks)
• Formulation - isocaloric digestible amino acids

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DDGs and Turkey Hen Diets
Significant Linear Component
From Roberson, 2003
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Market Tom Trials-Grow/Finish Diets(University
of Minnesota)
Trial weeks of age 15-19 wks 28-19 wks
311-19 wks
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Market Tom Trials-Level of InclusionUM Trial 4
Noll et al., 2004
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Amino acid balance

• Lysine 1st limiting
• Supplementation with lysine
• Tryptophan and arginine
• Tryptophan supplementation (expensive)
• No commercial arginine supplement

Parsons et al., 1983
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Study 1. Limiting nature of tryptophan and
arginine in DDGs for turkey toms

• Corn soy- meat diet
• Ingredient digestibility
• Formulated to digestible val (reduced CP)
• Isocaloric
• Supplementation with lys, met, thr
• Test diet with DDGs and canola meal
• Calculated deficiencies of try, iso, arg

Noll et al., 2001
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Study 1 contd

• Treatments
• 1. Control - corn, SBM, MBM
• 2. As 1 plus DDGS
• 3. As 1 plus canola
• 4. As 1 plus DDGS and canola
• 5. As 4 plus tryp to Trt 1
• 6. As 4 plus tryp, iso to Trt 1
• 7. As 4 plus tryp, iso, arg to Trt 1

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Study 1. Alternative Ingredients and Amino Acids

Noll et al 2001
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Limiting nature of tryptophan and arginine in
DDGs for turkey toms

• Study 2 Lowered protein diet with DDGs
  resulted in poorer feed conversion restored
  with try arg

Noll et al, 2003
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DDGs in Market Turkey Diets

• Tryptophan and arginine may become limiting as
  diet protein levels are reduced
• Inclusion level of 10-20
• Hens 10
• Toms 15

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Metabolizable Energy

• Importance of energy level
• Feed conversion
• Least cost formulation for high energy diets
• AMEn 2480 kcal/kg, 9 fat (NRC, 1994)
• Current DDGs
• 10-11 fat
• 2570 to 2650 kcal/kg
• Potter (1966) 2880 kcal/kg (AMEn)

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Metabolizable Energy Value

• UM Research trials
• AMEn 2810 to 2850 kcal/kg
• Roberson (2004)
• AMEn Layers 2770 kcal/kg
• AMEn Turkey poults 2750 kcal/kg
• Batal and Dale (2004) Chicken TMEn
• Range 2380 to 3079 kcal/kg
• Ave. 2831 kcal/kg

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DDGs Source and TMEn(Turkeys)

• Sources (5)
• Samples per source (4)
• Source Mean
• 2833 kcal/kg
• Individual Sample Range
• 2651 to 3186 kcal/kg

Noll et al., 2004
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Metabolizable Energy Value

• Noll 2004 Turkey TMEn (20 samples)
• Range 2651 to 3186 kcal/kg
• Mean 2833 kcal/kg
• Roberson 2004
• AMEn 2756 kcal/kg
• Batal and Dale 2004 Chicken TMEn
• Range 2380 to 3079 kcal/kg
• Ave. 2831 kcal/kg

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DDGs and Energy Level
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Recommendations for Use of DDGs

• Corn DDGs (to 15) can be fed to chicken layers
  and broilers Turkeys - to 20 of diet (cool
  season growing)
• Formulate with minimums for tryptophan and
  arginine, especially as diet protein is decreased
• Formulate on basis of digestible amino acid
  content
• Consider AMEn value of 2750 to 2850 kcal/kg
• Increase available phosphorus (higher than NRC
  94) 65

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HYDROLYZED DISTILLERS GRAIN STUDY

• Chikako Abe¹, S.L. Noll¹, N. Nagle²,
• C. Parsons³, and J. Brannon¹
• ¹University of Minnesota
• ² National Bioenergy Center
• ³ University of Illinois

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Hydrolyzed Distillers Grain (HDG)

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
• Seeking ways to increase the protein content and
  quality of DG to stabilize prices and increase
  the market share
• New technology with the fiber and starch
  conversion process
• HDGs protein content (57) is twice as much as
  DDG of NRC (1994)

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Production of HDG
Ethanol Plant
Ethanol
Ethanol
Cellulose Hemicelluloses
C6 Sugars
Pretreatment
DDG
Fermentation
Sulfur Dioxide
Steam
Centrifuge
HDG
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
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OBJECTIVES

• To determine the potential feeding value of HDG
  through chemical analysis and in vivo tests for
  DAA and TME
• To evaluate feeding value of the HDG by inclusion
  into turkey poults starter diets

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METHODS

• Nutrient Analysis
• Chemical Characterization
• True Amino Acid Digestibility Assay
• True Metabolizable Energy Assay
• Feeding Study
• Diet Formulation
• Management of Turkeys
• Observations
• Opportunity Cost Calculation

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I. Nutrient Analysis

• 1. Chemical Characterization
• 2. Amino Acid Digestibility
• (Parsons, U of IL)
• AA digestibility method (Shirley and Parsons,
  2001)
• 3. True Metabolizable Energy (TME)
• TME bioassay using growing turkeys (Sibbald,
  1982)

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II. Feeding Trial

• 1. Diet
• TRT 1- Control diet. A corn-soybean meal based
  diet with meat and bone meal
• TRT 2- Control HDG5
• TRT 3- Control HDG10
• TRT 4- Control HDG15
• TRT 5- Control HDG20
• HDG replaced some corn
• and soybean meal

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10
15
20
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RESULTS Comparison of corn and corn co-product
(NRC vs. HDG)
As is basis
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Comparison of amino acid composition as of
protein (NRC vs. HDG)
As is basis
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Comparison of amino acid digestibility
coefficients (NRC vs. HDG)
As is basis
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Level of HDG and Poult Average Daily Gain
a
ab
bc
bc
c

• a-C means with no common superscript differ
  significantly (P

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Level of HDG and Relative Organ Weight
a
a
b
ab
b
a
ab
ab
bc
c

• a-c means with no common superscript differ
  significantly (P

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HDG Opportunity Cost Calculation (Scenario
1,without thr supplement)
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CONCLUSIONS

• HDG nutrient value (compared to DDG)
• Higher protein concentration As a protein
  source
• Lys, Trp, and Arg appear more limiting
• Effect of heat, steam, acid?-Dark color,smoky
  smell
• Lower P Could be positive contribution to
  manure management

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CONCLUSIONS

• Up to 10 of HDG can be included in poult
  starter diet, although higher level might be
  possible after 2 weeks of age
• Good source of threonine compared to corn and SBM
  when HDG priced cheaper than 5.84/CWT

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University of MinnesotaDDGS Webpage

• www.ddgs.umn.edu

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AcknowledgmentsUM Turkey Research Program

• University of Minnesota staff-Jeanine Brannon,
  Fred Hrbek, Sheila Groth
• MTGA Nutrition Subcommittee- Virgil Stangeland,
  George Speers, Jim Halvorson, Gary Johnson, Dick
  Nelson, Greg Engelke
• University of Illinois Carl Parsons
• Funding Minnesota Turkey Research Promotion
  Council, ADM, Heartland Lysine, Minnesota Corn
  Growers, Midwest Ethanol Cooperative DakotaGold

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Acknowledgements Dr. Sally Noll Dr. Jerry
Shurson Dr. Chuck Clanton Dr. Jacquie
Jacob Jeanine Brannon Office mates Student
workers My friends and family
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DDGs in Chicken Broiler Diets

• Adjustment for lysine and energy level
• Inclusion level of 15-25 possible
• Starter diets 6
• Grower/Finisher 10

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Physical Characteristics of New Generation DDGS

• Bulk density (16 new generation plants)
• 35.7 2.79 lbs/ft3
• Range 30.8 to 39.3 lbs/ft3
• Particle size (16 new generation plants)
• 1282 305 microns
• Range 612 to 2125 microns

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Samples of New Generation DDGS from Various
Ethanol Plants
VeraSun - Aurora, SD CVEC - Benson, MN
Al-Corn - Claremont, MN MGP Lakota, IA
CMEC - Little Falls, MN Agri-Energy -
Luverne, MN LSCP - Marcus, IA
DENCO Morris, MN
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Ingredient Amino Acids ( of Protein)
NRC, 1994
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Mycotoxins

• Risk of mycotoxin contamination in new
  generation DDGS is very low
• Poor quality corn poor ethanol yields
• Corn supplied to ethanol plants is produced
  locally
• Corn produced in upper Midwest is has a low risk
  for mycotoxins
• Must use thin layer chromatography (TLC) or HPLC
  for testing mycotoxins in DDGS
• ELISA and other methods result in false positives

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Fat Stability of DDGS(Shurson, 2003)

• Limited data
• Mexico
• DDGS monitored during transit and storage for 16
  weeks in a commercial feed mill in Jalisco,
  Mexico
• Temperature ranged from 2 to 28 degrees C
• Average high temperature 25 degrees C
• Average low temperature was 8.4 degrees C
• No rancidity was detectable

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Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan(Shurson, 2003)

• Study conducted at Lin-Fong-Ying Dairy Farm
• a commercial dairy farm located about 20 km south
  of the Tropic of Cancer
• DDGS was shipped from Watertown, SD to Taiwan in
  a 40 ft. container
• upon arrival in Taiwan, DDGS was re-packaged in
  50 kg feed bags with a plastic lining
• DDGS bags were stored in a covered steel pole
  barn for 10 weeks during the course of the dairy
  feeding trial

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Fat Stability of DDGS in Taiwan
Peroxide values acceptable for fat quality and there is no
oxidative rancidity.
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Lysine Digestibilityas Affected by Production
Source
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DDGs Nutrient Characteristics
Noll Parsons, unpublished data
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DDGs Nutrient Characteristics
Noll Parsons, unpublished data
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DDGs Nutrient Characteristics
Noll and Parsons, unpublished data
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Economics and DDGs Quality
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Comparison of DDGS Total Amino Acids
(Digestible)
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Influence of digestible lysineon value of DDGs
(/cwt)