The Columbian Exchange

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Student Learning Outcomes Instructional
Objectives

• SLOs
• Use knowledge of global events and trends since
  1500 to shed light on contemporary issues
• Objectives
• Explain with specific examples, ways in which
  geographical factors help shape human events
• Interpret historical knowledge to extend
  comprehension of world cultures
• Describe interactions and influences between and
  among civilizations
• Analyze cause-and-effect relationships in
  history, including variables such as the great
  person, technological change, outside influences
  and demographic change

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• the dominant pattern of biological evolution on
  this planet has been geographical divergence
  dictated by the separateness of the continents.
• organisms have evolved differently because they
  had no contact with each other
• Humans have reversed the ancient trend by the
  age of exploration spreading crops, animals and
  disease organisms.

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• The most spectacular and influential examples of
  this are in the category of the exchange of
  organisms between the Eastern and Western
  Hemispheres.

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• Polynesian Voyages Settlement
• A.D. 458 Chinese early exploration near Baja
  California
• the Vikings about 1,000 CE
• Yang Qings exploration 1421
• Zing He and influence on 15th century world maps
• the Vikings about 1,000 CE, but the tsunami of
  biological exchange did not begin until 1492.
• In that year the Europeans initiated contacts
  across the Atlantic and Pacific which have never
  ceased.
• Their motives were economic, nationalistic, and
  religious, not biological.

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• Biogeography of the globe when Columbus set sail
• Everyone in Eurasia and Africa was a person who
  shared no common ancestor with indigenous peoples
  in the Western Hemisphere for at the very least
  10,000 years.
• The plants and animals of the tropical
  continents of Africa and South America differed
  sharply from each other and from those in any
  other parts of the world.
• In addition social structures, religion and world
  views (social, economic and political ideologies)
  were very different in the Western Hemisphere

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• The Columbian exchange started when Christopher
  Columbus petitioned Ferdinand and Isabella of
  Spain for a grant, to explore westward. 
• The  voyages of Christopher Columbus
  were significant maritime achievements.
• Columbus set sail for the first  time from Palos
  on August 3 1492, leaving a Europe wracked by war
  
• The population had been halved a century before
  by the Black Death

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• He landed on Friday October 12, 1492
• Within a year had enslaved most of the people of
  Hispaniola, (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
• in 1493 500 Arawak people were shipped back to
  Spain as slaves only seven survived. 

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• Five shivering captives actually reached the
  streets of Barcelona.
• Natives were grossly maltreated, often in the
  name of religion "they were hanged in groups of
  13 " in memory of our Redeemer and his apostles.
  De Las Casas
• In succeeding voyages Columbus explored the West
  Indies, and reached the mainland coast of South
  America.  After Columbus came Cortes (Mexico) and
  Pizarro ( South America.

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• What the Spaniards Brought
•   New plants included wheat and other Eurasian
  grains pear, peach, orange, lemon tress chick
  peas, grape vines, melons, onions, radishes and
  many plants that became weeds.
•  They brought horses, pigs, sheep, goats, burros,
  and cattle.
•  Within a century, there were cattle everywhere.
  There were thousands upon thousands of horses
  available to anyone with a few coins or the skill
  to rope them. Legally, Indians were forbidden
  horses.

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Americas domesticatedanimalsdogsllamasguinea
pigsfowl (a few species
Europedomesticatedanimalsdogshorsesdonkeyspi
gscattlegoatssheepbarnyard fowl
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• A century after the contact, there was perhaps
  one Indian for every ten or perhaps twenty who
  had been alive in the Valley of Mexico a century
  earlier.
• Disease was the single greatest cause of this
  population decline.
• smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, measles,
  cholera, typhoid, and bubonic plague
• Epidemics of these diseases swept over the
  Americas.
• About fifty epidemics swept through the Valley
  of Mexico between 1519 and 1810.
• Brazil experienced perhaps forty epidemics of
  smallpox before 1840.

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• Golden Ages are in the past what followed was
  dreadful
• "It was the month of Tepeilhuitl when it began
  and it spread over the people as great
  destruction. Some it quite covered with pustules
  on all parts -- their faces, their heads, their
  breasts, etc. There was a great havoc. Very many
  died of it. They could not walk they only lay in
  their resting places and beds. They could not
  move they could not stir they could not change
  positions , nor lie in one side nor face down ,
  nor on their backs. And if they stirred, much did
  they cry out. Great was its ( smallpox)
  destruction. Covered , mantled with pustules,
  many people died of them. " (Sahagun - Florentine
  Codex)

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• Similarly Cakchiquel Mayan annals recorded
  "Great was the stench of the dead.   After our
  fathers and grandfathers succumbed, half of the
  people fled to the fields.  The dogs and vultures
  devoured the bodies.  The mortality was terrible.
  Your grandfathers died, and with them died the
  son of the king, and his brothers and kinsmen. 
  So it was that we became orphans, oh my sons. So
  we became when we were young.  All of were thus.
  We were born to die!"
• The people died,  agriculture was crippled, 
  famine followed pestilence they could not defend
  themselves, they could not feed themselves. .

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• New Ideologies
• Christianity and the concept of monotheism
• Patriarchy
• Capitalism
• Individualism over Collectivism

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•  What the Western Hemisphere gave to the world
• The greatest impact of America on Europe, Asia
  and Africa was the spread of American food crops.
  
• This list includes Maize, potatoes, sweet
  potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts, manioc, caco,
  peppers, most beans, and squash.
• All of these were unknown in the Eastern
  Hemisphere before 1492.
• In 1986, the maize and potato harvest totaled 788
  million metric tons. This was 78 percent of the
  1,010 metric tons of wheat and rice harvested
  that same year.
•  

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Iroquois Community 15th Century
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• The growth of population and industrialization in
  Northern Europe could not have happened as they
  did without the increased nourishment provided by
  the potato.
• Millions of Southern Europeans and African had
  their lives transformed by maize. In the course
  of the eighteenth century, China more than
  doubled in population due in considerable part to
  new American food crops.

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SLO/Objectives Assessment

• How does historical knowledge of the Columbian
  Exchange shed light on contemporary issues?
• Objectives
• What role did geographical factors play in the
  Columbian Exchange?
• Interpret historical knowledge to extend
  comprehension of world cultures
• List the possible positive and negative
  interactions and influences between and among
  civilizations as a result of the Columbian
  Exchange.
• Analyze cause-and-effect relationships in
  history, including variables such as the great
  person, technological change, outside influences
  and demographic change related to the Columbian
  Exchange