BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING PEOPLES LIVELIHOODS

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BUILDING SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN SUDAN BY IMPROVING
PEOPLES LIVELIHOODS

• Ruth Haug,
• Noragric, Norwegian University of Life Sciences

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Sudan today

• 33 mill people
• 2005 6,5 mill displaced people (war,
  underdevelopment, drought)
• Oil fields 55.000 people fled in 2000/01
• Peace agreement signed January 2005
• Darfur conflict not included in the peace
  agreement

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Causes of conflict

• Marginalisation/inequitable distribution
• Ethnic and cultural differences (Arabs-Africans)
  discrimination
• Religion (Sharia introduced in 1983)
• Fight over resouces (oil, water, minerals, land)
• Colonial influence (top down approach)
• Governance crisis in Khartoum

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Peace agreement

• Power sharing Government of National Unity,
  political autonomy S-Sudan
• Wealth sharing oil 50-50
• Military arrangements 3 armed forces
• Boundaries special arrangements in three states
  (Abyei, S Blue Nile, S)
• 6 years interim period then referendum
• Implementation (UN peace forces)

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Peace building

• Peace making (January 2005)
• Peace keeping
• Peace building Political, Livelihoods, Security
• More than half of all peace agreements fail and
  the parties drift back to war

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Sustainable peace What is needed?

• Fragile state
• Darfur
• National ownership of peace
• SPLM Civil organisation
• Livelihood improvements
• No unified south identity
• Who will control the military
• International pressure and control

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Livelihood improvements

• Address war distruction (IDPs, widows)
• Rebuild institutions and communities
• Coordination chaos or both?
• Role of NGOs
• Strength of SPLM
• Food and capacity building

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Food relief

• Contentious exercise
• Prone to external and internal bias
• Operation lifeline Sudan (UN/GoS/NGOs)
• Relief has not developed local capcity
• Relief has undermined local production

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Livelihood improvements

• Misguided external aid pacify people
• NGOs/donors act as if there were no government
• Build educational capacity
• Improve health services
• Agriculture the only livelihood option
• Tenure security of prime importance
• Market constraints depress production
• Agricultural research and extension

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Joint Assessment Mission (JAM)

• Agricultural components Cluster 4 Not related to
  Livelihood Social Protection
• Weak analysis (cultivate 2 of 95 arable, soil
  is eroded by slashburn)
• Recommendations (public private patnership,
  fertilizer, rice cultivation)
• Technology, infrastructure, institutions,
  markets, agro-processing

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Conclusion

• Reconstruction has to address the consequesces of
  war
• Sustainable peace has to be built from below by
  improving peoples livelihoods
• Agricultural development of crucial importance
  for food, income, growth and poverty reduction