NEW ORDER

1
NEW ORDER

• Exploited industrial and agricultural potential
  of non-German land to aid German economy
• Requisitioned food from conquered regions
• Made forced laborers of conquered people
• Ruled by force and terror
• Symbolized by prison cell, firing squad, torture
  chamber, and concentration camp

2
RESISTANCE MOVEMENTS

• Resistance movements became stronger in conquered
  countries as Nazi barbarism intensified
• Rescued downed airmen, radioed intelligence, and
  sabotaged German installations

3
POLISH RESISTANCE

• Numbered 300,000 at is height
• Reported on German troop movements and interfered
  with supplies destined for Eastern Front
• Staged full-scale revolt in August 1944 against
  Germans in Warsaw
• Appealed to Soviet troops for help but the Red
  Army did nothing
• Polish underground surrendered after 63 days of
  fighting and the Nazis destroyed Warsaw

4
YUGOSLAVIAN RESISTANCE

• Headed by Josef Broz
• Better known as Tito
• Moscow-trained, intelligent, and courageous
• Disciplined fighting force that tied down a huge
  German army and ultimately liberated country from
  Nazi rule

5
JEWISH RESISTANCE

• Emerged in Eastern Europe but suffered from
  handicaps
• Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, and others would
  not support them and sometimes even denounced
  them to Nazis
• Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
• Spring 1943
• Armed with only a few guns and homemade bombs
• Fought Germans for several weeks

6
RESISTANCE IN ITALY AND GERMANY

• Italian partisans helped liberate Italy after
  Allied landing in 1943
• Army officers plotted to kill Hitler on July 20,
  1944
• Headed by Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
• Hitler escaped serious injury
• In retaliation, 5000 suspected anti-Nazis were
  tortured and executed

7
JAPAN

• Had begun full-scale war against China in 1937
• War initially went well
• Japan captured most important cities and seaports
• Inflicted heavy casualties on Chinese forces
• Engaged in atrocities
• Rape of Nanking
• Forced government of Chaing Kaishek to withdraw
  to Chungking

8
PEARL HARBOR

• Japan planned to take over French Indochina,
  British Burma and Malaya, and Dutch Indonesia
• In order to obtain oil, rubber, tin, and rice
• Knowing that the U.S would resist this plan,
  Japanese leaders decided on a quick strike
  against the American Pacific Fleet
• Struck on December 7, 1941 at naval base at Pearl
  Harbor, Hawaii
• US lost 17 ships (7 battleships), 188 planes, and
  2403 men
• U.S. declared war against Japan the next day
• Germany declared war on the U.S. several days
  later

9
JAPANESE EMPIRE
10
NAZI EMPIRE IN EUROPE
MIDWAY STALINGRAD EL ALAMEIN
11
BATTLE OF MIDWAY

• June 4, 1942
• Japan sought to destroy what remained of U.S.
  Pacific Fleet
• Battle waged entirely by aircraft carrier-based
  planes
• U.S. won
• Destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers
• Downed 322 Japanese planes
• Japan loses initiative

12
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

• Germans renew offensive in Russia in Spring of
  1942
• Goal was to capture Stalingrad
• Epic battle
• Commander of German 6th army, General Friedreich
  Paulus, asks permission to withdraw in November
  1943
• Hitler refuses permission
• Remnants of 6th army surrender on February 2,
  1943
• Germans lost 260,000 men and had another 110,000
  taken prisoner
• Momentum of German invasion is lost

13
BATTLE OF EL ALAMEIN

• General Erwin Rommel drives British out of Lybia
  and tries to capture Egypt and Suez Canal
• Although short of supplies, Rommel moves on Egypt
  in early 1942
• Stopped at Battle of El Alamein by British 8th
  army commanded by General Bernard Montgomery
• October 1942
• Victory followed by joint Anglo-American invasion
  of North Africa in November 1942
• Germans and Italians defeated by May 1943

14
INVASION OF ITALY

• Allies invade Sicily in July 1943
• Italians force Mussolini to resign and new
  government surrenders in September 1943
• Germany sends troops to Italy to halt Allied
  advance
• Intense fighting that would last for the rest of
  the war
• Mussolini captured and executed by Italian
  partisans in April 1945

15
D-DAY (JUNE 6, 1944)

• Allies land on beaches of Normandy
• 2 million men and 5000 ships
• Germans caught by surprise
• Despite stubborn German resistance on some
  beaches, all beaches were secured
• Men and equipment then flooded through these
  gateways
• By the end of July 1944, 1,500,000 men had
  entered France and began to move east towards
  Germany

16
WINTER, 1944

• Paris rises up and is liberated
• Brussels and Antwerp are liberated
• Allied bombers hitting German factories and
  civilian centers
• Battle of the Bulge
• December 1944
• Germans launch counter-offensive designed to
  split Allied forces and regain Antwerp
• Heroic defense by Americans at Bastogne stops
  German offensive
• Allied drive towards Germany resumes
• Red Army liberates Baltic states, Poland, Hungary
  and penetrates Germany itself by February 1945

17
THE END OF THE THIRD REICH

• US troops enter Germany in March 1945
• Red army approaches Berlin in April 1945
• Hitler commits suicide in bunker
• Blames entire war on Jews in Last Testament
• Germany unconditionally surrenders on May 7, 1945

18
ISLAND-HOPPING IN THE PACIFIC

• US forces attack strategic islands held by Japan
  beginning in 1942
• Japan defends islands tenaciously and contest
  every inch of land
• 21,000 Japanese soldiers die on Iwo Jima (March
  1945)
• 100,000 die on Okinawa (April 1945)

19
DAWN OF THE ATOMIC AGE

• US drops atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6,
  1945
• 78,000 people killed/60 of city demolished
• Reason?
• Truman said he ordered the attack to avoid US
  invasion of Japan and high casualties
• Others argue that dropping the bomb was
  unnecessary because Japan was on verge of
  surrender
• Some argue bomb was dropped because the Soviet
  Union was about to declare war on Japan
• US drops second bomb on Nagasaki on August 9
• One day after USSR declared war on Japan
• Japan surrenders two days later

20
LEGACY I

• 50 million dead
• Including 20 million Russians
• Soviet Union annexed Baltic states, Poland took
  over East Prussia
• Germans who had lived in these territories forced
  to leave
• Material losses were enormous
• Homeless and hungry people flooded roads
  everywhere

21
LEGACY II

• US and USSR emerge as two most powerful states in
  the world
• Dwarfing Great Britain, France, and Germany
• Break-up of European colonial empires
• GB gives up India in 1947
• France gives up Lebanon and Syria
• Dutch abandon Indonesia
• By the 1960s, virtually every former European
  colony had gained independence

22
LEGACY III

• Nazi racial theories showed that the mind
  remained attracted to irrational beliefs
• Nazi atrocities demonstrated that people could
  torture and kill with zeal and machine-like
  indifference
• Nazi assault on reason and freedom demonstrated
  the precariousness of Western Civilization
• Some intellectuals drifted into despair
• Life was absurd, without meaning and out of
  control
• Only a fool would still believe in progress or
  human goodness