PET SCAN RESULTS RELATED TO AMOUNT OF TISSUE TRANSPLANTED

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Personnel Director Curt R. Freed,
M.D. Professor of Medicine and
Pharmacology Head, Div CP and Tox
Director, Neuroscience Program Neurosurgeon
and Robert E. Breeze, M.D. Co-Director Professo
r of Neurosurgery Neurologist Maureen A.
Leehey, M.D. and Co-Director Assistant
Professor of Neurology Director,
Movement Disorders Clinic,
University Hospital
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New Strategies for Neurotransplantation
--Repairing the Fetal Brain in Utero 1. In
collaboration with scientists at Harvard, we have
implanted neural stem cells into the developing
brain of monkeys. 2. Transplanted cells have
survived and have grown into appropriate layers
of the developing monkey brain, showing the
potential to repair cell deficits.
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How stem cells may repair brain of Downs
syndrome patients 1. All cell in Downs
syndrome patients carry trisomy- 21, so stem
cells always produce abnormal progeny. 2.
Normal stem cells transplanted to the fetal brain
in utero could supply normal brain cells during
brain development. 3. Because dementia takes
decades to develop, transplants of normal stem
cells at any age may reduce and perhaps reverse
brain deterioration.
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What is the difference between adult and
embryonic stem cells? 1. Nearly all organs in
the body have stem cells to replace cells that
wear out. Skin, bone marrow, intestine and
brain. Ordinarily, stem cells from each organ
make cells only for that organ. 2. Embryonic
stem cells are the few hundred cells that make up
embryo in the first days after fertilization.
They can become any cell in the body.
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What diseases are now treated with stem
cells? 1. Bone marrow transplant after massive
doses of chemotherapy or because of specific
kinds of anemias. 2. Skin grafts and bone
grafts include stem cells from those organs.
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What diseases may be treated with stem cells in
the future? 1. If embryonic or adult stem cells
can be made into insulin producing cells or
dopamine neurons, treatment of diabetes and
Parkinsons can be revolutionized. 2.
Embryonic or adult stem cells will be used to
treat patients whose own stem cells have failed
or are genetically flawed. These might include
Downs syndrome, Alzheimers, heart failure,
diabetes, and anemias.
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What is the chance that stem cells approved
for NIH funding will be used for human
therapy? Almost zero. All human embryonic
stem cells have required co-culture with mouse
cells. Only when mouse cells are not needed can
new cell lines be developed for human therapeutic
use.
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Summary of adult brain cells 1. Stem cell
therapy with bone marrow has been available for
decades. 2. Adult stem cells derived from
specific tissue like embryonic brain or adult
bone marrow are under development for therapeutic
transplant. 3. Degenerative brain diseases,
both fetal and adult, will likely be successfully
treated with these stem cells.
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Summary of embryonic stem cells 1.
Embryonic stem cells offer great promise for
becoming the universal cell source, if the cells
can be guided to specific tissue types. 2.
Therapeutic cloning may be necessary to produce
cells that wont be rejected.
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Link between embryonic stem cells and
therapeutic cloning 1. Stem cells developed
from another individual will be rejected by the
recipient unless transplanted in utero or into
the brain. 2. Therapeutic cloning refers to
the production of embryonic stem cells from one
cell of a patient needing a transplant. Heart
muscle cells or insulin-producing cells would be
identical to the patient.
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