Title: Treatment of Interest on IndexedLinked Debt Instruments
1Treatment of Interest on Indexed-Linked Debt
Instruments
2- Two papers
- Instruments indexed to foreign currency
- Separate discussion option to treat it as
denominated in that currency. - Instruments indexed to something else (e.g., CPI,
share prices, oil price) - Issues are how the indexation amounts are
- classified as interest or revaluation and
- allocated over the life of the instrument.
3Index-linked securities in the SNA
7.104. Index linked securities are financial
instruments for which the amounts of the coupon
payments (interest) and/or the principal
outstanding are linked to a general price index,
a specific price index or an exchange rate
index. When the coupon payments are index
linked, the full amounts of such payments are
treated as interest receivable or payable, in the
same way as the interest receivable and payable
on any other security paying a contractually
agreed variable income. When the value of the
principal is index linked, the difference between
the eventual redemption price and the issue price
is treated as interest accruing over the life of
the asset in the same way as for a security whose
redemption price is fixed in advance. In
practice, the change in the value of the
principal outstanding between the beginning and
end of a particular accounting period due to the
movement in the relevant index may be treated as
interest accruing in that period, in addition to
any interest due for payment in that period. ...
4Issues
- Redemption value is not known
- Implication value of interest before redemption
is unclear. - It is argued that some indexation (such as to
stock prices, oil prices, gold prices) combines
motives for both interest income and holding
gains. - Interest is the return for putting financial
resources at disposal of another entity. - Holding gains/losses effect of index value
fluctuations.
5Issues
- Are negative values of interest
payable/receivable acceptable or meaningful, when
general interest rates are positive? - Or are such fluctuations an indication that the
value is driven by revaluation factors rather
than being a return for supplying financial
resources? - Business accounting does not have the
interest/holding gain distinction.
61993 SNA Approach
- Keeping the 1993 SNA unchanged for the concept of
interest and not allowing revisions of interest
accruals (when the coupons are index-linked, the
full amounts paid as coupons, after indexation,
are accrued as interest and when the value of
the principal is index-linked the difference
between the actual redemption value and the issue
price is treated as interest accruing over the
life of the instrument (paragraph 7.104)). For
determining interest accruing in an accounting
period, the movement in the relevant index during
the period is used to determine interest accruing
in that period, without revising them later.
71993 SNA Approach
81993 SNA Approach
- Comments
- Interest is volatile due to movements in index.
- Revaluations are due to changes in market
expectations about future path of the index. It
could arise also from market interest rate
changes or credit ratings (in this example, these
were assumed unchanged). - Revaluations cancel out over life of instrument.
91993 SNA with revision/s
- Keeping the 1993 SNA unchanged for the concept of
interest, and accepting revisions of interest
accruals that will be determined in each
accounting period either - (a) by using the movement in the relevant index
in each accounting period and revising interest
when actual redemption value is known, or - (b) by using the most recent observation of the
relevant index and revising interest
continuously.
101993 SNA with one final revision
111993 SNA with regular revisions
121993 SNA with revision/s
- Comments
- The total interest accrued over the life of the
instrument is the same with that in the 1993 SNA
approach. - The allocation over the life is different.
- Revaluations cancel out over the life of the
instrument. - The issue is whether it is desirable to revise
interest accruals - when actual cash flows are know at the
redemption. - on a regular basis using the latest information
(on the index).
13Modified debtor approach
- Clarifying or changing the 1993 SNA for defining
interest on index-linked instruments by fixing
the rate of interest at the time of issue, and
treating any deviation of the index from the
expected path as holding gains/losses. - AEG discussion in December 2004 was helpful this
option had previously been ruled out of
consideration.
14Modified debtor approach
15Modified debtor approach
- Comments
- Interest accruals are calculated using the
expected yield-to-maturity (YTM) at issue. - Interest for the life of instrument may not be
equal to the difference between issue price and
redemption value. - Revaluations may not cancel out over the life of
the instrument (equal to the difference between
expected and actual redemption value).
16Embedded derivative approach
- Clarifying or changing the 1993 SNA for defining
interest by regarding indexed-linked instruments
as effectively including derivative contracts.
This is similar to previous approach. However,
interest is imputed based on a similar instrument
that is not indexed and the value of the embedded
derivative reflects the deviation (of the imputed
interest) from actual movements in the relevant
index.
17Embedded derivative approachStandard bond
component
18Embedded derivative approachDerivative component
19Embedded derivative approach
- Comments
- Interest accruals are imputed based on similar
instruments that are not indexed. Effectively,
for the debtor approach, this means using the
expected YTM at issue. - Derivative reflects the deviation of imputed
interest from actual movements of the relevant
index. - The standard bond component may also have
revaluation if market interest rate changes.
Then, it becomes difficult how to disentangle
revaluations due to change in index or due to
market interest rates.
20Discussion point
- Which alternative, among the four presented in
the Executive Summary, do the members prefer? - (a) 1993 SNA approach as it is?
- (b) 1993 SNA with revisions
- when actual redemption value is known?
- using the most recent observation?
- (c) Modified debtor approach?
- (d) Embedded derivative approach?
21- BOPCOM discussion
- Evenly divided between (a) and (c).
- Conclusion to keep the status quo i.e., option
(a) - in the absence of a consensus for change.
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