Case 2p128

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• Case 2/p128

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1. What are the business benefits of adopting
open-source software?

• Benefits include
• reduced cost of purchase,
• less chance of obsolescence,
• broader access to technical support,
• lower cost of upgrade.

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2. What are the risks associated with open-source
software? How can these risks be addressed?

• Risks include
• potential abandonment of standard,
• loss of liability shift to software vendor,
• lack of quality technical support.

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• 3. Do you see open-source software eventually
  replacing the current proprietary software model?

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BLOG (weblog)source http//en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/BlogTypes_of_blogs

• A blog is a user-generated website where entries
  are made in journal style and displayed in a
  reverse chronological order.
• Blogs often provide commentary or news on a
  particular subject, such as food, politics, or
  local news some function as more personal online
  diaries
• Youtube type of a video weblog

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Myspacesource http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpa
ce

• MySpace is a social networking website offering
  an interactive, user-submitted network of
  friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups,
  photos, music and videos. MySpace also features
  an internal search engine and an internal e-mail
  system

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Drawing money from an ATM
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Telecommunications and Networking
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Learning Objectives

• Understand the concept of a network.
• Apply Metcalfes law in understanding the value
  of a network.
• Identify several major developments and trends in
  the industries, technologies, and business
  applications of telecommunications and Internet
  technologies.
• Examples of the business value of Internet,
  intranet, and extranet applications.

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Learning Objectives

• Identify the basic components, functions, and
  types of telecommunications networks used in
  business.
• Explain the functions of major components of
  telecommunications network hardware, software,
  media, and services.
• Explain the concept of client/server networking.
• Understand the two forms of peer-to-peer
  networking.
• Explain the difference between digital and analog
  signals.

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Learning Objectives

• Identify the various transmission media and
  topologies used in telecommunications networks.
• Understand the fundamentals of wireless network
  technologies.
• Explain the concepts behind TCP/IP.
• Understand the seven layers of the OSI network
  model.

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Network Concepts

• Network
• An interconnected chain, group or system
• Number of possible connections on a network is N
  (N-1)/2
• Where N number of nodes (points of connections
  on the network)
• Example, if there are 10 computers on a network,
  there are 10 9/2 45 possible connections

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Telecommunications

• Telecommunications
• Exchange of information in any form (voice, data,
  text, images, audio, video) over networks

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Basic concepts

• Communication protocols (TCP/IP)
• Data transmission methods
• Asynchronous
• Synchronous
• Connecting
• Modem
• Hardwired and remote
• Data transmission channels (bps)
• narrow bands 5-30
• voice bands 1,000-9,600
• broad bands 100,000
• Types of communication lines
• simplex
• half-duplex
• duplex

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Networks

• Concept
• "a group of interconnected computers,
  workstations, or computer devices (such as
  printers and data storage systems).
• Network topology
• bus
• star
• ring
• Local-area networks
• bus Ethernet, carrier sense multiple access
  (CSMA)
• ring token passing method
• Distributed data processing
• "interconnects sites of one organization not only
  for communication of data and messages but also
  for the sharing of resources."

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Open Systems

• Information systems that use common standards for
  hardware, software, applications and networks
• Internet networking technologies are a common
  standard for open systems
• Connectivity
• Ability of networked computers to easily access
  and communicate with each other and share
  information
• Interoperability
• The ability of an open system to enable end user
  applications to be accomplished using different
  varieties of computer systems, software packages,
  and databases provided by a variety of
  interconnected networks

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Middleware

• Any programming that serves to glue together
  two separate programs

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Internet2

• Next generation of the Internet
• High-performance network
• In use at 200 universities, scientific
  institutions, communications corporations

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Internet Service Provider

• ISP
• A company that specializes in providing easy
  access to the Internet
• For a monthly fee, you get software, user name,
  password and access
• ISPs are connect to one another through network
  access points

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An Intranet Also look at fig 6.8

• A network inside an organization
• That uses Internet technologies (such as Web
  browsers and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML,
  etc.)
• To provide an Internet-like environment within
  the organization
• For information sharing, communications,
  collaboration and support of business processes
• Protected by security measures
• Can be accessed by authorized users through the
  Internet

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Extranet (also look at fig 6.9)

• Network links that use Internet technologies
• To connect the Intranet of a business
• With the Intranets of its customers, suppliers or
  other business partners

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GPS

• The global positioning system (GPS) is a major
  technological achievement that has broad-reaching
  implications for business. Using the Internet,
• Can find other innovative uses for GPS.
• Good places to start familiarizing yourself with
  current accomplishments are
• The GPSWorld site at http//www.gpsworld.com/gpswo
  rld/
• The GPS Overview at http//www.colorado.edu/geogra
  phy/gcraft/notes/gps/gps_f.html

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Telecommunications network

• Any arrangement where a sender transmits a
  message to a receiver over a channel consisting
  of some type of medium

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Types of Networks

• WAN
• LAN
• VPN
• C/S

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VPN

• Basically, a VPN is a private network that uses a
  public network (usually the Internet) to connect
  remote sites or users together. Instead of using
  a dedicated, real-world connection such as leased
  line, a VPN uses "virtual" connections routed
  through the Internet from the company's private
  network to the remote site or employee.
• Source computer.Howstuffworks.com

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VPN
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Internetwork Processors

• Switch makes connections between
  telecommunications circuits in a network
• Router intelligent communications processor
  that interconnects networks based on different
  protocols
• Hub a port switching communications processor
• Gateway connects networks using different
  communications architectures

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ROUTERS

• Routers are specialized computers that send your
  messages and those of every other Internet user
  speeding to their destinations along thousands of
  pathways.
• Fujitsu GeoStream R980 industrial strength router
  

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ROUTERS

• configuration table. A configuration table is a
  collection of information, including
• Information on which connections lead to
  particular groups of addresses
• Priorities for connections to be used
• Rules for handling both routine and special cases
  of traffic
• A router, then, has two separate but related
  jobs
• The router ensures that information doesn't go
  where it's not needed. This is crucial for
  keeping large volumes of data from clogging the
  connections of "innocent bystanders."
• The router makes sure that information does make
  it to the intended destination.
• Computer.howstuffworks.com

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Distributed data processing
TSS - Time Sharing Systems
MAINFRAME
CSS - Client Server Systems
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Client/Server networks

• Clients End user personal computers or networked
  computers
• Interconnected by LANs
• Servers manage networks
• Processing shared between clients and servers

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CSS architecture
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Peer-to-peer networks (p 209)

• Networks that connect from one PC to another PC
• Peer-to-peer networking enables or enhances the
  following scenarios
• Real-time communications (RTC)
• Collaboration
• Content distribution
• Distributed processing
• Improved Internet technologies
• Source www.microsoft.com

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Wireless Technologies

• Terrestrial microwave
• Earthbound microwave systems that transmit
  high-speed radio signals in a line-of-sight path
• Between relay systems spaced approximately
  30-miles apart
• Communications satellites
• Satellite serves as relay stations for
  communications signals
• Uses microwave radio signals

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Wireless Technologies

• Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems
• Divide the geographic area into small areas or
  cells
• Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna
  to send message from one cell to another
• Wireless LANs
• Radio signals within an office or building
• Connect PCs to networks
• Bluetooth
• Short-range wireless technology
• To connect PC to peripherals such as printer

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Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a standard developed by a group of
  electronics manufacturers that allows any sort of
  electronic equipment -- from computers and cell
  phones to keyboards and headphones -- to make its
  own connections, without wires, cables or any
  direct action from a user.
• Bluetooth can connect up to eight devices
• simultaneously. With all of those devices
• in the same 10-meter (32-foot) radius

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• http//www.dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/glob
  al/shared/corp/media/en/studio_dell?cuslensco
  rptargetNetwork2targetChannel4targetMedia32

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Steps in wireless networksource www.dell.com
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Cell Phonessource howstuffworks.com

• GSM (CDMA) vs TDMA
• TDMA (time division multiple access) assigns each
  call a certain portion of time on a designated
  frequency.
• Works on either the 800-MHz or 1900-MHz frequency
  bands.
• CDMA (code division multiple access) gives a
  unique code to each call and spreads it over the
  available frequencies.
• GSM operates in the 900-MHz and 1800-MHz bands in
  Europe and Asia and in the 850-MHz and 1900-MHz
  (sometimes referred to as 1.9-GHz) band in the
  United States
• Cell vs Mobile

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Band/Mode

• Multiple band - A phone that has multiple-band
  capability can switch frequencies. For example, a
  dual-band TDMA phone could use TDMA services in
  either an 800-MHz or a 1900-MHz system. A
  quad-band GSM phone could use GSM service in the
  850-MHz, 900-MHz, 1800-MHz or 1900-MHz band.
• Multiple mode - In cell phones, "mode" refers to
  the type of transmission technology used. So, a
  phone that supported AMPS and TDMA could switch
  back and forth as needed. It's important that one
  of the modes is AMPS -- this gives you analog
  service if you are in an area that doesn't have
  digital support.

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EDI Concepts

• EDI is a mechanism for electronic trading
• EDI replaces paper flow with online transactions
• EDI architecture
• EDI is for trading partners
• Implementation plan is a key factor
• Obstacles
• lack of transaction standardization
• high start-up costs
• EDI third-party suppliers
• ATT, Control Data, EDS, GE, Western Union, IBM,
  Martin Marietta Data Systems, etc.

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EDI architecture
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Network Topologies (p 219)

• Topology structure of a network
• Star ties end user computers to a central
  computer
• Ring ties local computer processors together in
  a ring on a relatively equal basis
• Bus local processors share the same
  communications channel

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Network Architectures Protocols

• Protocol standard set of rules and procedures
  for the control of communications in a network
• Network Architecture
• Master plan of standard protocols, hardware,
  software and interfaces between end users and
  computer systems
• Goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and
  efficient telecommunications environment

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OSI TCP/IP Models (p 221)

• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
• A seven-layer model that serves as a standard
  model for network architectures
• Model for how messages should be transmitted
  between two points in a network
• Each layer adds functions
• Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
  (TCP/IP)
• A five layer telecommunications protocol used by
  the Internet

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IP

• Internet protocol
• Each system connected to the internet is
  identified by a 32-bit IP address
• Four numbers separated by a decimal
• Each represented by octal (8 bits hence 0-255)
• Ex 168.212.226.204
• Binary format
• 10101000.11010100.11100010.11001100
• A new protocol IPv6 allows for 128 bit IP
  addresses
• to look up an IP address http//www.kloth.net/se
  rvices/nslookup.php 
• to find info 
• http//www.geobytes.com/IpLocator.htm

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Basic Communications ModelStandards are needed
at all Layers
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Internet Telephony

• Using an Internet connection to pass voice data
  using IP
• Voice over IP (VoIP)
• Skips standard long-distance phone charges

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VOIP (source www.fcc.gov)
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Bandwidth

• Bandwidth
• Frequency range of a telecommunications channel
• Determines transmission rate
• Classified in bits per second (bps)
• Transmission Rates
• Narrow-band low-speed
• Broadband high-speed

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WiFi

• WIreless FIdelity (WiFi)-- used generically when
  referring of any type of 802.11
• "Wi-Fi Certified" (a registered trademark) by the
  Wi-Fi Alliance are interoperable with each
  other,
• even if they are from different manufacturers. A
  user with a "Wi-Fi Certified" product can use any
  
• brand of access point with any other brand of
  client hardware that also is certified
• http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html

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Additional Readings

• Voice over data networks
• Networking Hardware Quiz 
• abc of wireless LAN
• ISDN Tutorial
• Ethernet tutorial
• Internet Protocol
• Thin clients
•  UNIX/NT integration
• Cell phones

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RWC 1 SAIC, Hewlett-Packard, GE, and Others
Wireless, Wireless Everywhere

• What are some of the business benefits
• associated with using wireless networks to
• collect and transmit data?
• Benefits would include
• Superfast wireless connections to the Web.
• Cost is about one-fourth of existing costs for
  connection to the Web.
• Productivity gains such as a 45 gain at UPS.

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What are some of the challenges being faced in
this useof wireless technologies? What
solutions can you offer?

• Having everyone online in a meeting can be toxic
  to productivity. No laptop policies for
  important meetings.
• Enormous pressure within companies to provide
  Wi-Fi in all areas of the company. Which
  employees have compelling needs for Wi-Fi access
• Cost exceeds the benefit to be gained by
  providing Wi-Fi such as in a manufacturing plant
  that would require numerous additional access
  points than usual.
• Security of information available via the Wi-Fi
  system. Delay implementation until security
  assurances are met.

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The use of wireless networking as described in
the case is both innovative and useful. What
other business uses can you envision for this
approach?
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RWC 2 Maryland and Colorado Serving Its
Citizens Without Using Wires

• What is the business value of advanced mobile
  technologies to Marylands emergency management
  services?
• Direct agents toward places where their presence
  is required
• Give notice of impending natural disasters with
  forecasts and instructions on how to proceed.
• Improve information gathering on the extent and
  magnitude of devastation.
• Reduce the amount of manual data-entry, leading
  to improved response times and reduction of
  errors (i.e. address is automatically captured
  and pop-up menus limit possible answers).

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In what other government services could GPS serve
to provide business value? Give some examples.

• States National Guards, to monitor and direct
  personnel in case of an emergency.
• Emergency Services, to direct ambulances,
  firefighters, etc.
• Department of Treasury / Federal Reserve, to
  track the location of armored trucks both for
  regular traffic and in case of a hijacking.
• The military in general, given that it has one of
  the largest manpower and logistics network in the
  country.

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Are there disadvantages or risks associated with
the deployment of GPS systems to monitor the
location of people? Explain.

• Invasions of privacy
• Limitation on the freedom of movement
• Could allow not only the government but also
  private individuals to monitor other peoples
  movements.