Karen Calhoun

1
Revitalizing Library Discovery to Delivery in a
New Research Information Infrastructure
British Library Conference Centre
19 February 2009

• Karen Calhoun
• Vice President
• WorldCat and Metadata ServicesOCLC

2
Outline

• The catalogue and network information systems
  (the Web)
• New possibilities for the catalogue and connected
  library information systems
• Opportunities for collective action
• How OCLC might help
• Sustainable data sharing

3
The research library, 1610 to 2010
Bodleian Library, Oxford University Emory Center
for Interactive Teaching Cornell University
Library Cafe
4
Everywhere, the Library
Library as Place
Place as Library
Attribution Xavier de Jauréguiberry
http//flickr.com/photos/25831000_at_N08/3261686538/

5
The Catalogue and Network Information Systems
How Were Not Connected
6
LC Action Item 6.4 Support research and
development on the changing nature of the catalog
to include consideration of a framework for its
integration with other discovery tools.
Calhoun, Karen. The Changing Nature of the
Catalog and Its Integration with Other Discovery
Tools.  Washington, DC Library of Congress, 17
March 2006. http//www.loc.gov/catdir/calhoun-repo
rt-final.pdf
7
The Catalog in Context
Online catalogs represent one node in the
citizens, students or scholars information
universe
8
The Search Engine Challenge
Q Where do you typically begin your search for
information on a particular topic?
From OCLC Perceptions of Libraries and
Information Resources (2005)
9
An Eroding Role for the Catalogue as the Campus
Central Gateway to Information
Available http//www.ithaka.org/publications
10
The Impact of Article Level Metadata and Linking
to Full Text

• Access is increasingly at the journal article
  level, not the journal title level
• Causing searches to often bypass the catalog

11
Information Seekers Have Changed
By Simon Gurr http//flickr.com/photos/simongurr/1
195707950/sizes/m/
12
The Toppling Silos of the Disciplines and
Mind-Boggling New Forms of Scholarly Communication
Sir Martin Evans, Ph.D.Cardiff University 2007
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Fields
Human genetics, biology --How does the library
help him create new knowledge? --What are his
information seeking/sharing behaviors and
preferences? --In what ways does the
library serve his colleagues and his graduate and
post-doctoral students?
Photo credit Cardiff University CC-BY 3.0
13
And Then Theres Todays (and Tomorrows) Student
No, you werent downloaded. You were born.
By spamPatrol http//www.funtab.com/Pics/290-thes
e-kids-today.htmlcar
14
Millennials and the Culture of Participation

• Baby boomers
• 1946-1964
• Generation X
• 1965-1982
• Net Generation (Millenials)
• 1982-1991

http//www.educause.edu/educatingthenetgen
15
Millennials, the Culture of Participation and
Libraries

• They like
• Multimedia environments
• Figuring things out for themselves
• Working in groups
• Multitasking
• Learning directly related to courses

• We offer
• Text-based environments
• Systems that require prior understanding (or
  librarian help)
• Services for individual use
• Focus, logical sequence
• Static catalogues, databases, e-journal lists,
  metasearch, IRs, subject guides and pathfinders

Joan Lippincott, Coalition for Networked
Information. In Educating the Net Generation
16
We-Think the Power of Mass Creativity

• You are what you share
• --Charles Leadbeater
• Participation, rather than consumption or
  production, will be the key organizing idea of
  future society
• YouTube, Wikipedia, MySpace

Photo credit Pfctdayelise CC-BY-ShareAlike
3.0 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Charles_Leadbeat
er
Source Leadbeater, Charles. 2008. Welcome to
We-Think. Receiver magazine 19.
http//www.receiver.vodafone.com/19-we-think
17
New possibilities for the catalogue and connected
library information systems
18
Abridged from Calhoun report, p. 14 Three
Strategies for Revitalizing Catalogues
Participate in the substitute industry (the
Web) Mass collections catalogs digitize
them Organize, digitize, expose unique special
collections Help researchers learners organize
sustain their digital assets Help build
discipline-based repositories manage them
LEAD
EXPAND
Invest in shared not local catalogs Link pools of
scholarly data Shun redundant effort Seek outside
funding partners Support Google Scholar and
Book Search
Rethink, redeploy, retrain, recruit Institute a
culture of assessment Study users not systems,
become usability experts Invest in better
delivery systems services Facilitate data
ingest, extraction, transfer Deploy existing
catalog data in new ways Explore how to carry
legacy MARC data forward promote
interoperability Simplify cataloging obtain,
reuse, or automatically generate acquisitions and
cataloging metadata Standardize and streamline
workflows Eliminate local practices and
customized workflows in favor of best practices
EXTEND
19
Bringing writers, readers, and libraries together

• Local catalog linked to a chain of services
• Infrastructure to permit global, national or
  regional, and local discovery and delivery of
  information among open, loosely-coupled systems
• Critical mass of digitized publications and
  special collections online
• Many starting points on the Web leading to many
  types of information objects
• Switch users from where they find things to
  library-managed collections of all kinds

20
Libraries and What They Collect on Behalf of
Their Communities
Books Journals Newspapers Gov. docs CD,
DVD Maps Scores
Special collections Rare books Local/Historical
newspapers Local history materials Archives
Manuscripts, Theses dissertations
21

• Digital visibility creates use

Research Information Network. 2007. http//www.rin
.ac.uk/files/hidden-resources-final-report.pdf
22
Repositories and Changing Scholarly Communication
Models
23
Discipline-Based Repositories
arXiv.org
Open access to 522.600 e-prints in Physics,
Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative
Biology and Statistics
24
Alexa Graph Comparing Traffic to Two Top
Scholarly Repository Sites with ScienceDirect
Sources Web traffic http//www.alexa.com/ Top
Repos Cybermetrics Lab. 2009. http//repositories
.webometrics.info/index.html
25
The Good News Is

• The changing process of contemporary science is
  beginning to challenge the primacy of the
  peer-reviewed journal article.
• --Outsell. 2008 Information Industry Market Size,
  Share Forecast Report

26
The Prize Is Worth the Pain of Change
(Re)Connecting Users and Libraries on the Web
No library is an island (no matter how big)
No man is an Island, entire of itselfevery man
is a piece of the Continent, a part of the
main.Meditation XVII, John Donne
St. Gallen Library Attribution Ben and
Clare http//flickr.com/photos/ benandclare/109666
6766/
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Outward Integration
Integration should be outward rather than
inward, with libraries seeking to use their
components in new ways --Interviewee for LC
report on future of the catalogue
28
Opportunities for Collective Action We Can Be
Connected
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RLUK Strategic Plan, 2008-2011

• Develop the research library workforce
• Build a new research information infrastructure
• Sustainability of scholarly communication models
• Institutional repositories
• Curation/preservation issues
• Resource discovery and delivery
• Develop COPAC platform gtgtgt Integrated national
  catalogue
• Digitisation partnerships
• Demonstrating value
• Increasing effectiveness

30
Strong National Library Frameworks the Case of
Libraries Australia

• Support for public education
• Integrating access to a variety of sources
• Contribution to the culture
• Constitute collections (esp. of national
  publications)
• Preservation of national heritage
• Integrated information management
• New types of information infrastructure
• Union catalog Libraries Australia
• A more compelling presence on the Web

Cathro, Warwick S. 2001. Keynote paper Visions
for fundamental change in libraries and
librarianship for Asia Pacific. Library Review 50
(7/8) 334-42.
31
SwissBib A Metacatalogue of Swiss University
Libraries and the Swiss National Library

• 2008-2011 project of e-lib.ch funded by Swiss
  University Conference
• A national catalogue of the Web 2.0 generation
• Quick, easy access to scientific information in
  Switzerland
• Intended to largely replace regional catalogues
  IDS, RERO, Swiss National Library, SBT
• Partnership of several insitutions lead
  organization is University Library Basel
• http//www.e-lib.ch/swissbib_e.html

32
DBC and the Danish Agency for Libraries and Media

• Bibliotek.dk
• A national service enabling Danish citizens to
  request and receive items from any library in
  Denmark, free of charge.
• Public and research libraries

33
How OCLC might help
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A Globally Coordinated System of Metadata Sharing

• Discovery and delivery are mediated by large
  information hubs

35
Promiscuous Metadata

• Global
• Group, national, regional
• Local

36
Through Collective Action, We Can Be Connected
To Our Communities and Each Other
GLOBAL GROUP LOCAL
Outward Integration, Exposure, Machine to
Machine Data Services Portal Products, Group
Aggregation Search, Resource Sharing Local Auth
entication, Collection Building, Local Discovery
to Delivery Services
Data Flows, Syndication, Synchronization, Web
services, Registries, Metadata Management,
e.g. --FRBR work sets --xIdentifiers --VIAF --Wor
ldCat Identities --Coordinated resolution
services
37
WorldCat Partner Sites
Google, Google Books, Google Scholar
HCI Bibliography Human-Computer Interaction
Resources
38
An example for the hiking enthusiast
1 used on Amazon.com for 107.24 USD
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Lots of Places to Find It
40
Where Can I Get It?
(Another edition)
41
Find It on Google Book Search, Get It from a
Library
(another edition)
42
WorldCat.org, Driving Traffic to Library
Collections
Collects the 10 editions together
Postal code of my hotel
43
Close to my doorstep (this week anyway)
44
On the shelf
45
Many other new ways to share library data and
locations
46
WorldCat.org Destination or Metadata Switch?
Its a switch. Referrals to worldcat.org, Jan. 1
May 31, 2008
47
How Is OCLC Helping Libraries Expose and Share
Collections Metadata at Web Scale?

• Digital collections gateway
• OAISTER
• WorldCat Identities
• Terminologies
• Virtual International Authority File
• Developers network and the WorldCat API

• Support for a globally coordinated system of
  metadata management (metadata 2.0)
• WorldCat partnerships with national libraries and
  large consortia
• E-synchronization

48
National Library Web Page
http//www.oclc.org/worldcat/catalog/national/defa
ult.htm
49
FY09 target Load a minimum of 300 million records
Records loaded (in millions)
50
Create system-wide efficiencies in library
management Group National files For Fiscal
Year 09
51
Create system-wide efficiencies in library
management Group National files For Fiscal
Year 09
Potential Loads
Loaded so far 3.2 million records, 24.0 million
holdings
52
Sample UnityUK Record from Google Book Search
to Croydon Library
53
Strengthening National/Regional Frameworks - CBS
Partners

• Support strong frameworks for national or
  regional union catalogs
• Loading in WorldCat gives broader exposure, from
  more places, to citizens, students and scholars
  around the world

records are also in WorldCat
54
Developers Network and the WorldCat API

• http//worldcat.org/devnet/wiki/SearchAPIDetails
• Access to bibliographic and holdings data
• Available to cataloging members
• Example developers network applications
• Word Press widget (University of Houston)
• Presentations by David Walker (California State
  University)

55
Sustainable Data Sharing
56
Context for Data Sharing A Seamless User
Workflow from Discovery to Delivery
A colleague sang the praises of the digital
world to us. He can now, he told us, get direct
access to information His enthusiasm had
screened out an enormous array of people,
organizations, and institutions involved in this
direct touch. The university, the library,
publishers, editors, referees, authors, the
computer and infrastructure designers, the
cataloguers and library collection managers,
right down to the students working their way
through college by working in the library had
no place in his story. Brown, John Seely, and
Paul Duguid. 2000. The social life of
information. Boston Harvard Business School
Press.
57
Content (and metadata) are NOT free

• The creation of content can be a costly
  proposition, typically in proportion to its
  worth. One of the biggest challenges facing
  aggregators of all types is how to support the
  ecosystem of collectively valuable content that
  information users no longer individually value.

Outsell, Inc. Search, Aggregation and
Syndication 2007 Market Forecast and Trends
Report, p. 41.
58
OCLCs critics
OCLC is trapped in an increasingly
inappropriate business modela model based upon
the value in the creation and control of
data. Increasingly, in this interconnected
world, the value is in making data openly
available and building services upon it. 
When people get charged for one thing, but gain
value from another, they will become
increasingly uncomfortable with the old status
quo. Wallis, Richard. OCLC and ROI. Panlibus
Blog (Talis), December 11, 2007.
http//blogs.talis.com/panlibus/archives/2007/12/
oclc_and_roi.php
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Then and Now A Painful Time of Transition

• THEN
• A model based upon the value in the creation and
  control of data
• NOW
• A model based upon the value in the exchange and
  linking of data

Janus, guardian of doors and gates
60
How We-Think Might (or Already Does) Help
Participation with Collaboration

• Harnessing the power of mass participation
• Requires openness and free exchange of ideas and
  databut not an anarchic free for all
• Participation alone is not enough to guarantee
  anything of any value will emerge We-Think
  people participate but also collaborate.
• We-Think is not all or nothing, black and white,
  open and closed It is going to be creative but
  only by being very confusing.
• Quotes from Charles Leadbeater, receiver magazine

61
Sustainability

• The ability to keep in existence or maintain
  indefinitely. Renewable. Balanced. Viable over
  time.
• Shared community assets
• The environment
• Natural resources
• An ecosystem of collectively valuable content
• A shared resource of some kind

62
A Shared Community Asset Swimming Pools
More than the water in the pool! Lifeguards,
swim lessons, water slides Community cost
sharing Admission rates pay for pool and
its services Policy provides terms for
non-resident use
By xcode, http//www.flickr.com/photos/wongjunhao/
416266898/
63
Sustainability of scholarly communications models

• How much does it cost?
• Who is responsible? Who should pay?
• How to sustainably and collectively provide for
  the contents efficient and effective supply and
  use?
• Open access scholarly publishing, self-archiving
• Economic implications of alternative scholarly
  publishing models exploring the costs and
  benefits a report to the Joint Information
  Systems Committee. 2009.
• http//www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/publications
  /rpteconomicoapublishing.pdf

64
Sustainability of digital asset preservation and
access

• How much does it cost?
• Who is responsible? Who should pay?
• How to sustainably and collectively provide for
  the digital assets curation and preservation
  over time?
• Digital asset preservation and access at the
  national level
• Sustaining the digital investment issues and
  challenges of economically sustainable digital
  preservation interim report of the Blue Ribbon
  Task Force on Sustainable Digital Preservation
  and Access. 2008. Sponsored by U.S. National
  Science Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, the
  U.S. Library of Congress, the U.K. Joint
  Information Systems Committee (JISC), and others.
• http//brtf.sdsc.edu/biblio/BRTF_Interim_Report.pd
  f

65
Sustainability of shared library metadata
creation and maintenance

• How much does it cost?
• Who is responsible? Who should pay?
• How to sustainably and collectively provide for
  the metadatas efficient and effective supply and
  use?
• Cooperative metadata creation and maintenance
  systems (WorldCat, COPAC, SUNCAT, ZETOC)

66
OCLCs Public Charter

• Establish and operate a computerized network for
  libraries
• Promote the evolution of library use, libraries,
  and librarianship
• Provide processes and products for the benefit of
  library users and libraries
• Increase availability of library resources to
  individual library patrons
• Reduce library costs
• Further access to and use of worldwide
  scientific, literary and educational knowledge
  and information

67
Why update the Guidelines?

• Expand the opportunities for record sharing among
  member and non-member libraries, archives and
  museums
• Respond to the changing information landscape
• Modernize the language of the Guidelines (not
  updated since 1987!)
• Clarify how WorldCat records can be used and
  shared

• Overall intent to ensure use of records created
  by OCLC members
• benefits the OCLC cooperative as a whole
• offers a fair return to members by those who
  would use the records
• from outside the cooperative

68
OCLCs Record Use Study Group Our Charge
(January 2008)

• Identify key values or principles underlying the
  Guidelines
• Principles of cooperation http//www.oclc.org/wo
  rldcat/catalog/principles/default.htm
• Guidelines for contribution http//www.oclc.org/w
  orldcat/catalog/guidelines/default.htm
• Environmental scan of data sharing policies
• Interview internal and external stakeholders
• Draft new policy to replace Guidelines
• Support widespread use of WorldCat records while
  assuring fair return to OCLC members and the
  cooperative

69
Community Norms and Best Practices the Case of
the Guidelines

• Norms rules that are socially enforced
  customary rules of behavior
• Norms are voluntary although social sanctions may
  be used to maintain them
• Work together to build WorldCat
• Contribute holdings promptly and fully
• Help maintain the database
• Promote responsible use of WorldCat records,
  systems, and services
• Limit to authorized users notify of unapproved
  uses
• Disseminate information about principles of
  cooperation to others
• Ensure the resources of the cooperative are used
  to the benefit of the cooperative
• OCLCs uses of contributed data consistent with
  its chartered purposes

70
Data Sharing Environmental Scan by OCLC Record
Use Study Group

• Evaluated policies and licenses related to use
  and re-use of metadata and content
• Commercial and non-commercial data providers
• Prevailing opinion in the blogosphere
• Data should be free and open
• Reality
• Nearly everybody has terms and conditions that
  impose some degree of restriction on data re-use
  and transfer

NO RIGHTS RESERVED SOME RIGHTS
RESERVED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
71
What Happened Next

• Began to introduce revised record use policy in
  November
• An OCLC community norm we did not take seriously
  enough
• Participatory decision making
• It would seem that this policy did not get as
  wide of a hearing as it deserved. Peter
  Murray, OHIOLINK

Source Martin Mehl http//www.calpoly.edu/mmehl/
podcasts/podcasts.html Used with permission
72
Implementation Delayed To Allow Time for
Community Review

• The proposed WorldCat Record Use Policy was
  scheduled to be implemented in mid-February now
  third quarter calendar 2009
• OCLC paying close attention to all comments

73
Review Board on Principles of Shared Data
Creation and Stewardship

• Jointly established Board of Trustees, Members
  Council
• Read and study reports and postings on revised
  policy
• Organize information sharing and feedback
  sessions
• Recommend principles of shared data
  creation/maintenance and changes to policy
• Preliminary report from chair at February virtual
  meeting of Members Council next report in May

74
How to Learn About and Communicate With the
Review Board

• URL of Review Board page http//www.oclc.org/us/e
  n/worldcat/catalog/policy/board/default.htm
• Online feedback forum (blog) http//community.ocl
  c.org/reviewboard/ 
• Email  reviewboard_at_oclc.org

75
Review Board Members

• Chair Jennifer Younger, Edward H. Arnold
  Director of Hesburgh Libraries, University of
  Notre Dame
• Caroline Brazier, Head of Resource Discovery,
  British Library
• Christopher Cole, Associate Director for
  Technical Services, National Agricultural Library
  
• Poul Erlandsen, Head, Document Access Services
  and Collection Management, Danish University of
  Education, National Library of Education
• Pat French, Manager, Collection and Technical
  Services, Multnomah County Library
• Clifford A. Lynch, Executive Director, Coalition
  for Networked Information (CNI)

• Brian E. C. Schottlaender, The Audrey Geisel
  University Librarian, UC San Diego Libraries
• Ted Schwitzner, Head, Bibliographic Services
  Division, Illinois State University, Milner
  Library
• Roberta Shaffer, Executive Director, Federal
  Library and Information Center Committee, Library
  of Congress
• Lamar Veatch, State Librarian, Georgia Public
  Library ServiceUniversity System of Georgia
• Elsie Weatherington, Dean, University Library,
  Virginia State University
• Karen Calhoun, liaison to OCLC

76
Some Fundamental Questions to Consider

• Community norms what are the appropriate
  principles and best practices for collaboratively
  creating and sharing data, infrastructure, and
  services, and for sharing the costs of such a
  system?
• How should these norms be articulated?
• Should these norms be voluntary, or should they
  be enforceable?
• What principles should govern use of the data
  outside the community that bears the costs of
  creating and sharing the data, infrastructure,
  and services?
• What makes a shared community asset (like a
  library cooperative) sustainable?

77
Thank You