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Qualitative Research

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Nature of Data: 'soft data' such as words or text ('verbatims'), audio, pictures, film ... NUDIST: large datasets, structured coding, mimic quant analysis ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Qualitative Research


1
Qualitative Research
  • Liu Jianda

2
What is Qualitative Research?
  • Collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by
    observing what people do and say
  • Examples
  • Focus groups
  • Depth interviews
  • Projective techniques
  • Observation (human or mechanical)

3
What is Qualitative Data?
  • Verbal
  • interviews
  • focus groups
  • Speeches
  • Written
  • diaries
  • Letters
  • Books

4
Data gathering strategies
  • Taking notes, either as a participant-observer or
    an observer.
  • Conducting unstructured or semi-structured
    interviews (a type of survey) or focus groups and
    transcribing them.
  • Obtaining relevant documents or audiovisual
    images.
  • The researcher may combine the use of two or more
    data gathering techniques, and may also keep a
    journal to record his or her own reflections and
    tentative interpretations as the study
    progresses.

5
Differences in Research Approaches
  • QUALITATIVE
  • Objective to gain a deeper understanding of
    behaviors, inner thoughts feelings, and
    meanings
  • Nature of Data soft data such as words or
    text (verbatims), audio, pictures, film
  • QUANTITATIVE
  • Objective to quantify sample findings and
    generalize these results to the population of
    interest
  • Nature of Data mostly numerical

6
Differences in Research Approaches
  • QUANTITATIVE
  • Sample large statistical samples
  • Data Collection highly structured,
    standardized
  • Data Analysis statistical
  • Outcome recommend a final course of action
  • QUALITATIVE
  • Sample small representative samples, often
    judgment sampling
  • Data Collection unstructured or semi-structured
  • Data Analysis data synthesis, interpretation,
    themes
  • Outcome develop an initial or deeper
    understanding

7
Different Approaches to Research4 Rs versus
4 Ps
8
Tasks by Research Activity
9
Quantitative and Qualitative Research Activities
10
Stages in analysing qualitative data
  • Transcription
  • Reading and Familiarisation
  • Coding
  • Themes/sub themes
  • Develop into networks, concepts, models

11
The Data Analysis Process
12
(No Transcript)
13
Methods of Analysis
  • Content analysis
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Narrative analysis
  • Grounded theory

14
Grounded Theory
  • Developed by Glaser Strauss (1967) during
    investigations of institutional care of
    terminally ill patients
  • Involves identification and integration of
    categories of meaning from data
  • Provides researcher with an explanatory
    framework to understand the phenomenon being
    studied

15
Developing a Research Question
  • Researchers require an initial question upon
    which to focus their attention in the
    area/phenomenon they select
  • Question should identify but not make assumptions
    about the phenomenon of interest. How are the
    articles acquired by the students? Rather than
    How do the students acquire the articles by
    reading grammar books?
  • Q should be open-ended and should not employ
    constructs derived from existing theories/models
  • Initial question can change radically during the
    GT process

16
Steps in Grounded Theory
  • 1. Data collection
  • 2. Data Storage
  • 3. Coding
  • 4. Memo writing
  • 5. Outcomes
  • Stages are not mutually exclusive (ie analysis
    carried out alongside data collection)

17
Coding
  • Three kinds of coding used in GT
  • 1. Open coding to find categories
  • 2. Axial coding to find links
  • 3. Selective coding to find core category

18
Dis/Advantages of using GT
  • Pros
  • accounts for data
  • holistic grasp of data
  • Cons
  • research could potentially be never ending
  • hypothesis/research questions generated only
    applicable to your data

19
Computer Software
  • NUDIST large datasets, structured coding, mimic
    quant analysis
  • NVivo less data, unstructured coding, find
    patterns/relationships in codes
  • Hyperresearch
  • Winmax Pro
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