socialization

1
LIFE IS ONE BIG SOCIALIZATION EXPERIENCE!
UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS ALLOWS
US TO SEE HOW WE DEVELOPED OUR OWN SENSE OF
SELF AND EXACTLY HOW PERSONALITIES TAKE SHAPE.
IT FILLS IN ANY MISSING PIECES.
2
THE LIFELONG SOCIAL EXPERIENCE BY WHICH
INDIVIDUALS DEVELOP THEIR HUMAN POTENTIALAND
LEARN PATTERNS OF THEIR CULTURE

• SOCIAL EXPERIENCES ALSO BUILD THE FOUNDATION FOR
• PERSONALITY
• A PERSONS FAIRLY CONSISTENT PATTERNS OF
  THINKING, FEELING, AND ACTING
• COULD A PERSONS PERSONALITY DEVELOP WITHOUT
  SOCIAL INTERACTION?

3
NATURE VS. NURTURE

• SOCIOBIOLOGY
• ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY HAVE A NATURALISTIC ROOT
• BEHAVIORISM
• MOST OF WHO AND WHAT WE ARE AS A SPECIES IS
  LEARNED, OR SOCIAL IN NATURE
• IS IT SOCIOBIOLOGY OR BEHAVIORISM?
• ITS A BIT OF BOTH, BUT FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL
  PERSPECTIVE, NURTURE IS EXTREMELY INFLUENTIAL

4

• IMPACT ON NONHUMAN PRIMATES
• HARLOWS EXPERIMENTS
• SIX MONTHS OF COMPLETE ISOLATION WAS ENOUGH TO
  DISTURB DEVELOPMENT
• IMPACT ON CHILDREN
• FERAL CHILDREN
• ANNA AND ISABELLE
• YEARS OF ISOLATION LEFT BOTH CHILDREN DAMAGED AND
  ONLY CAPABLE OF APPROXIMATING A NORMAL LIFE
• GENIES CASE
• SOMEWHAT LESS ISOLATED, BUT SUFFERED PERMANENT
  DISABILITIES

5

• BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
• EROS AND THANATOS AS OPPOSING FORCES
• DEVELOPING PERSONALITY
• THE ID
• BASIC DRIVES
• THE EGO
• EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE BALANCE
• THE SUPEREGO
• CULTURE WITHIN
• MANAGED CONFLICT
• ID AND SUPEREGO ARE IN CONSTANT STATES OF
  CONFLICT, WITH THE EGO BALANCING THE TWO
• REPRESSION
• SOCIETYS CONTROLS OVER US
• SUBLIMATION
• REDIRECTION OF BASIC DRIVES

6
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

• COGNITION
• HOW PEOPLE THINK AND UNDERSTAND
• STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
• SENSORIMOTOR STAGE
• SENSORY CONTACT UNDERSTANDING
• PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
• USE OF LANGUAGE AND OTHER SYMBOLS
• CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE
• PERCEPTION OF CAUSAL CONNECTIONS IN SURROUNDINGS
• FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
• ABSTRACT, CRITICAL THINKING

MAN! MEASURING A PERSONS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
THIS WAY SURE IS TOUGH!
7

• KOHLBERGS IDEAS
• MORAL DEVELOPMENT OCCURS IN STAGES
• PRECONVENTIONAL
• WHATEVER SERVES THE PERSONS NEEDS
• CONVENTIONAL
• SHEDDING OF SOME SELFISHNESS PLEASING PARENTS
  AND SOCIETYS NORMS AS LEARNED
• POST-CONVENTIONAL
• MOVING BEYOND SOCIETYS NORMS TO CONSIDER
  ABSTRACT ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

8

• THE SOCIAL SELF
• SELF DEVELOPS FROM SOCIAL INTERACTION
• FOCUSED ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INWARD THINKING
  PROCESSES
• THE DUALITY OF SELF
• THE SELF AS SUBJECT (THE I)
• ALL THOUGHT AND ACTION ORIGINATES WITHIN THIS
  PART OF THE SELF
• THE SELF AS OBJECT (THE ME)
• GUIDING THE ACTION BY TAKING ON THE ROLE OF THE
  OTHER (WIDER SOCIETY)

9
THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF

• CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
• SELF-IMAGE IS MANIFESTED AS WE THINK OF HOW
  OTHERS WILL SEE US
• WHAT WE THINK OF OURSELVES DEPENDS ON LARGE PART
  ON WHAT WE PERCEIVE OTHERS ARE THINKING OF US
• REINFORCEMENT
• MORTIFICATION
• SELF-DOUBT

10
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
THIS PROCESS SEES THE SELF DEVELOP FROM A STAGE
WHERE NO SELF IS IN EXISTENCE, TO ONE WHERE THE
SELF HAS LEARNED CULTURES NORMS AND VALUES.
THIS KNOWLEDGE IS THEN USED AS REFERENCE POINTS
FOR SELF-EVALUATION.
11
PEOPLE, PLACES, AND THINGS THAT PLAY IMPORTANT
ROLES OR HAVE SPECIAL MEANING ANDSIGNIFICANCE IN
THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS.LETS EXAMINE A FEW
12
THE FAMILY

• MOST IMPORTANT AGENT
• CENTER OF A CHILDS LIFE
• PARENTAL ATTENTION IS VERY IMPORTANT
• BONDING AND ENCOURAGEMENT
• SOCIAL POSITION
• RACE, CLASS, RELIGION
• CULTURE CAPITAL
• CHILDHOOD INHERITENCE

13

• CONFRONT DIVERSITY
• RACIAL CLUSTERING EARLY ON?
• HIDDEN CURRICULUM
• INFORMAL, COVERT LESSONS
• INDIVIDUAL EVALUATION
• RECORDKEEPING STARTS
• GENDER SOCIALIZATION BEGINS
• FROM GRADE SCHOOL THROUGH COLLEGE, GENDER-LINKED
  ACTIVITIES ARE ENCOUNTERED

14

• DEVELOPING SENSE OF SELF THAT GOES BEYOND THE
  FAMILY
• YOUNG AND OLD ATTITUDES AND THE GENERATION GAP
• PEERS OFTEN GOVERN SHORT-TERM GOALS WHILE PARENTS
  MAINTAIN INFLUENCE OVER LONG-TERM PLANS
• ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
• PRACTICE AT WORKING TOWARD GAINING DESIRED
  POSITIONS

15
IMPERSONAL COMMUNICATION DIRECTED AT A VAST
AUDIENCE

• TELEVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.
• 2/3rds OF HOUSEHOLDS SUBSCRIBE TO CABLE
  TELEVISION
• IN 1999, 98 OF HOUSEHOLDS HAD AT LEAST ONE
• HOW MUCH T.V. IN THE 1990s?
• ON AVERAGE, 7 HOURS PER DAY, OR ONE-HALF OF THEIR
  FREE TIME IS SPENT IN FRONT OF THE TELEVSION
• CONCERNS ABOUT CREATING IMAGES
• VIOLENCE AND THE MASS MEDIA
• DISABLING STEREOTYPE REINFORCEMENT
• CLAIMS OF LIBERALISM IN THE MEDIA

16
THE LIFE COURSE

• CHILIDHOOD (AGE 1 THROUGH 12)
• THE HURRIED CHILD
• ADOLESCENCE (THE TEENAGE YEARS)
• A FOOT IN BOTH WORLDS (MARGINALITY)
• ADULTHOOD
• EARLY 20 TO 40, CONFLICTING PRIORITIES
• MIDDLE 40 TO 60, MIDLIFE CRISIS
• OLD AGE (MID-60s AND OLDER)
• GRAYING BABY BOOMERS
• LESS ANTI-ELDERLY BIAS
• ROLE EXITING CAN BE DIFFICULT

17

• 85 OF AMERICANS DIE AFTER AGE 55
• STAGES OF DYING
• DENIAL
• ANGER
• NEGOTIATION
• RESIGNATION
• ACCEPTANCE

18
TOTAL INSTITUTIONS

• A SETTING IN WHICH PEOPLE ARE
• ISOLATED FROM SOCIETY
• CONTROLLED BY STAFF
• CHARACTERISTICS
• SUPERVISION OF ALL SPHERES OF A PERSONS LIFE
• STANDARDIZED, RIGID SYSTEM UNDERWHICH ALL LIVE
• FORMAL RULES AND DAILY SCHEDULES FOR ALL

GULP!
19
RADICALLY ALTERATION OF A PERSONS PERSONALITY

• THE PROCESS
• ERODE THE INDIVIDUALS OLD SELF
• SURRENDER POSSESSIONS AND ANY ITEM THAT SUGGESTS
  INDIVIDUALITY
• MORITIFICATION OF SELF PROCESSES
• SYSTEMATICALLY BUILD UP A DIFFERENT SELF WITHIN
  THE PERSON
• BY WAY OF SYSTEMS OF REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS
• INSTITUTIONALIZED PERSONALITY
• IMPACT ON SOME PERSONS WHO HAVE LIVED FOR A LONG
  PERIOD OF TIME WITHIN AN ENVIRONMENT SUCH AS THAT
  FOUND WITHIN TOTAL INSTITUTIONS

20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
PERHAPS A LITTLE SLOWER, BUT THEY ARE FAR FROM
SOME HELPLESS STEREOTYPE
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
GERONTOLOGY
THE STUDY OF AGING AND THE ELDERLY

• BIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND ATTITUDES
• ATTITUDE DEPENDS ON SOCIETAL VALUES
• IN AMERICA, A DIM VIEW OF SUCH CHANGES IS TAKEN
• PHYSICAL CHANGES
• GRAYING OF HAIR
• WRINKLES
• LOSS OF HEIGHT
• DECLINE IN STRENGTH
• CHRONIC ILLNESSES SET IN
• REALITY
• 70 OF THOSE OVER 65 REPORT GOOD HEALTH
• WELL-TO-DO PEOPLE HAVE IT BETTER SINCE THEY CAN
  AFFORD PREVENTIVE CARE
• MINORITY GROUP MEMBERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO REPORT
  POOR HEALTH

26
WHAT GOES UP, MUST COME DOWN???FULL MENTAL
CAPABILITIES REMAIN UNTIL AROUND THE AGE OF 70,
THEN DECLINE

• ADVANCING AGE DOES NOT MEAN CERTAIN IMPAIRMENT OF
  MENTAL ABILITIES
• SOME RESEARCH REPORTS INCREASES IN MATH AND
  VERBAL SKILLS
• PERSONALITY CHANGES
• THE ELDERLY CAN BECOME MORE INTROSPECTIVE WITH
  MORE SELF-AWARENESS
• MAJOR SHIFTS IN PERSONALITIES DO NOT NORMALLY
  TAKE PLACE

27
HOW DO DIFFERENT SOCIETIES VIEW THE ELDERLY?
IT REALLY DEPENDS UPON THE TYPE OF SOCIETY
28

• SURVIVAL DEPENDS UPON PHYSICAL STRENGTH
• ELDERLY MEMBERS BECOME BURDENS ON YOUNGER MEMBERS
• ECONOMIC BURDENS
• PERSONS WHO CANNOT HELP THE GROUP MAY BE ASKED TO
  REMOVE THEMSELVES FROM IT

29
PASTORAL, HORTICULTURAL, AND AGRARIAN SOCIETIES

• CHANGES IN MEANS OF PRODUCTION MADE POSSIBLE
  MATERIAL SURPLUS
• PEOPLE REMAINED ACTIVE LATE IN LIFE, LEADING TO
  BOTH RESPECT AND FEAR OF THE ELDERLY DUE THEIR
  POWER
• GERONTOCRACY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION THAT FAVORS THE
  ELDERLY SINCE THEY CONTROL THE MOST WEALTH AND
  POWER

30
INCREASES IN STANDARD OF LIVING AND MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGIES WHICH INCREASE LIFE EXPECTANCY RATES

• PRIMARY SOURCE OF WEALTH IS NO LONGER VIEWED AS
  OWNERSHIP IN LAND
• FACTORIES AND OTHER GOODS HOLD POWER
• AFTER AGE 50 EARNING POWER DECLINES
• REALITIES OF THE ECONOMY MAKE CHILDREN LESS
  DEPENDENT UPON (LESS APPRECIATIVE OF) THE ELDERLY
• MOST OLD AND VERY YOUNG DO NOT WORK
• RECEIVE LESS PRESTIGE BECAUSE OF IT
• THOSE WHO WORK ARE OFTEN FORCED INTO JOBS THAT
  REQUIRE FAR LESS ACTIVITY
• THE ELDERLY MAY BECOME MARGINAL PERSONS AS A
  RESULT OF LOST SOCIAL POSITION AND PRESTIGE

31
AGING PRESENTS THE MOST CHALLENGES TO INDIVIDUALS
THAN ANY OTHER OF LIFES STAGES
32
FINDING MEANING
WERE COPING WELL WITH THE FACT THAT WE ARE BOTH
GETTING OLDER, AND THE NEW LEXUS LS 400 DIDNT
HURT EITHER! LETS GO FOR A RIDE!

• COPING AND RESULTANT PERSONALTY TYPES
• DISINTEGRATED AND DISORGANIZED PERSONALITIES
• LIFE FULL OF DESPAIR
• PASSIVE-DEPENDENT PERSONALITIES
• MAY PLAY THE OLD ROLE TOO WELL, SEEK ASSISTANCE
  WHEN THEY DONT ACTUALLY NEED IT
• DEFENDED PERSONALITIES
• LIVE INDEPENDENTLY, BUT FEARFUL OF AGING
• INTEGRATED PERSONALITIES
• COPE WELL WITH AGING PROCESS, ACCEPT THE
  INEVITABILITIES

33
SOCIAL ISOLATION

• THE DEATH OF A SIGNIFICANT OTHER AND RETIREMENT
  CAUSE ISOLATION
• ISOLATION IS A LEADING CAUSE OF ANXIETY IN THE
  ELDERLY
• THREE-FOURTHS OF WIDOWS AND WIDOWERS REPORT
  LONELINESS AS THEIR MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM
• WOMEN SUFFER FROM THIS MORE THAN MEN, DUE TO
  LONGER LIFE EXPECTANCY RATES
• FAMILIES OFFER THE ELDERLY THE SOCIAL CONTACT
  THAT IS NEEDED
• DAUGHTERS ARE MORE LIKELY TO VISIT PARENTS THAN
  SONS

34
REDUCED PAY NOT ONLY MEANS LESS SOCIAL PRESTIGE,
BUT CAN SIGNAL A LOSS OF PURPOSE IN LIFE

• THE ELDERLY NEED A TRANSITION PLAN TO MINIMIZE
  PERSONAL DISRUPTIONS AND LOSS OF PRESTIGE
• VOLUNTEER WORK
• PART-TIME WORK
• RETIREMENT IS A RECENT IDEA IN INDUSTRIALIZED
  SOCIETIES WITHIN THE LAST CENTURY
• VAST DIFFERENCE EXISTS BETWEEN PEOPLES ATTITUDES
  TOWARD THE ELDERLY AND RETIREMENT
• ALL MANDATORY RETIREMENT LAWS WERE REMOVED BY
  1987, HOWEVER...
• 75 OF MEN AND 84 OF WOMEN ARE NO LONGER IN THE
  LABOR FORCE AT AGE 65 IN THE UNITED STATES

35
THE POOR HOUSE SCENE

• SOME COSTS RISE FOR THE ELDERLY
• MEDICAL CARE
• HOUSING COSTS
• UTILITIES
• SOCIAL SECURITY IS STILL THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF
  INCOME
• THOSE ELDERLY WHO FALL BELOW THE POVERTY LINE AT
  AGE 65 EQUALS 12.2 COMPARED TO 9.9 AT AGES
  55-59
• RETIREMENT INCOMES ARE UP, EXCEPT FOR WOMEN AND
  MINORITY GROUP MEMBERS
• CHILDREN MAY HAVE TO PLAY A MORE IMPORTANT ROLE
  IN CARING FOR THEIR PARENTS

36
ABUSE OF THE ELDERLY
ABUSE OF THE ELDERLY COMES IN MANY FORMS, RANGING
FROM PASSIVE NEGLECT TO EMOTIONAL, PHYSICAL, AND
EVEN FINANCIAL ABUSE

• HOW MANY SUFFER FROM ABUSE?
• MORE THAN ONE MILLION A YEAR
• UNDER-REPORTING IS A PROBLEM
• MAJOR CAUSES
• STRESS FROM CARING FOR THEM
• SANDWICH GENERATION
• CARING FOR KIDS AND PARENTS
• MOST LIKELY IN FAMILIES WHERE ELDERLY PERSON
  SUFFERS FROM A SERIOUS MEDICAL SITUATION
• TESTING FOR ASSISTANCE OFTEN LEAVES NEEDY
  FAMILIES OUT IN THE COLD BECAUSE CUTOFF LIMITS
  ARE SET LOW

37
PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE ELDERLY

• BLATANT AGEISM
• DENY A PERSON A JOB DUE TO AGE
• SUBTLE AGEISM
• WAYS WHICH CULTURE PERPETUATES STEREOTYPES OF THE
  ELDERLY
• NEGATIVE CARTOON IMAGES
• JOKES AND OTHER VERBALIZATIONS
• MINORITY GROUP STATUS?
• NO, BUT THE GROUP DOES HAVE CHARACTERISTIC
  PLEASURES AND CHALLENGES

38
CONFRONTING DEATH

• DEATH OCCURS WHEN AN IRREVERSIBLE STATE TAKES
  PLACE
• NO RESPONSE
• NO MOVEMENT
• NO BREATHING
• NO REFLEXES
• NO BRAIN ACTIVITY
• RIGHT TO DIE
• TECHNOLOGY
• LETS DOCTORS DECIDE WHEN DEATH IS TO HAPPEN, NOT
  THE INDIVIDUAL
• LIVING WILLS
• DICTATES WHAT TYPES OF EFFORTS ARE TO BE MADE TO
  SUSTAIN LIFE

I DONT GET IT I SHOW UP AT PARTIES AND THEY
JUST DIE!
39

• DEATH HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED FROM SOMETHING
  ACCEPTED AND ORDINARY INTO SOMETHING VERY
  EXTRAORDINARY
• STAGES OF DYING
• DENIAL
• ANGER
• NEGOTIATION
• RESIGNATION
• ACCEPTANCE
• HOSPICE AND THE GOOD DEATH
• HELPING WITH BEREAVEMENT
• PROFOUND LOSS AND DISORIENTATION