Georgia State University Series

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Georgia State University Series

• Glossary

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Affect - emotion shown on the face. Affective
Tone The emotional tone of the parent and
overall mood of communication exchanges. Amplific
ation The act or result of amplifying,
enlarging, or extending.
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• ASL - American Sign Language (ASL) is a manual
  language
• distinct from spoken English. It has its own
  syntax and grammar,
• and is the second most common language in the
  United States.
• Its history began in France in the late 1700s,
  and brought to the
• U.S. in 1815 by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and
  Laurent Clerc.
• ASL is used as an expressive language, and
  written English is
• used to communicate with the hearing world. This
  
• communication method is also referred to as
  ASL/ESL or
• Bilingual/Bicultural. Like any living language,
  ASL continues to
• evolve.
• Assistive Listening Devices (ALDs)- refers to
  systems that
• improve the signal-to-noise ratio by transmitting
  amplified sound
• directly to the listener and transforms sound
  into a visual or
• tactile signal.

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Audiogram- a graphic representation of a persons
hearing or auditory responses. The vertical line
of the graph represents hearing level in decibels
(dB). The horizontal line of the graph represents
frequency or pitch.  Auditory The sense of
hearing. Auditory/Oral Approach - these programs
teach children to make maximum use of their
residual hearing through amplification (hearing
aids or cochlear implants), to augment their
residual hearing with speech (lip) reading, and
to speak. this approach excludes the use of sign
language. the philosophy behind the Auditory/Oral
method is to prepare children to work and live in
a predominately hearing society.  Auditory
Training instruction designed to maximize an
individuals use of residual hearing by means of
both formal and informal listening practice
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Auditory/Verbal Approach - this approach is
similar to the auditory/oral approach, except it
does not encourage lip reading. this method
emphasizes the exclusive use of auditory skills
through one on one teaching. it excludes the use
of sign language, while emphasizing the
importance of placing children in the regular
classroom as soon as possible.  Aural
Rehabilitation- therapy used to increase the use
of residual hearing in most cases the mouth is
covered so no facial cues are given. The listener
must distinguish using only his/her hearing what
is being said.
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• Babbling consonant-vowel clusters that babies
  produce that sound
• like speech (ba-ba, da-da)
• Behind-the-ear hearing aid - (BTE) these hearing
  aids rest behind the
• ear and present the amplified signal through a
  tube that is connected
• to a custom-fit earmold that fits in the childs
  ear. Due to childrens
• rapid growth, custom earmolds for infants and
  toddlers must be refit
• frequently. 
• Bilateral Hearing Loss - a hearing loss in both
  ears 
• Bilingual/Bicultural - in this method American
  Sign Language (ASL)
• is taught as the childs primary language, and
  English as a second
• language. ASL is recognized as a true language in
  its own right and
• does not follow the grammatical structure of
  English this method is
• used extensively within the Deaf community. 

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Bone-conduction hearing aid - a bone vibrator
that amplifies like a traditional hearing aid may
be fit on a headband to stimulate the cochlea
mechanically. This may be an appropriate
amplification device for children without
external ear components.  Bracketing- a method of
linking language and meaning. A sign, or a
phrase, is placed at both the beginning and end
of an utterance. (Example parent names an
object, points to the object, and then presents
the sign for the object again). Classifiers a
type of sign that represents a class of objects
to describe movement, placement, and visual
characteristics of a person or object. Cochlea-
the osseous (bony) portion of the inner ear which
surrounds the organ of hearing.
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Cochlear Implant - (CI) these devices may be
appropriate for children ages 12 months and older
who do not receive benefit from hearing aids. The
child must be severely or profoundly deaf (some
physicians use the criteria of a 70 dB level in
the better ear). The CI itself is surgically
inserted into the cochlea. The other parts of the
device, a microphone and a speech processor, are
worn on the body. Recent developments have led to
small processors worn over the ear with a
microphone in a BTE aid case. The information
from the speech processor travels by magnetic
induction to the 16-22 electrodes in the cochlea.
The CI can transmit time, intensity, and
frequency information to any surviving hair cells
and auditory nerve fibers. Cognitive The
developmental area that involves thinking skills,
including the ability to receive, process,
analyze, and understand information. Matching
red circles and pushing the button on a
mechanical toy to activate it are examples of
cognitive skills.
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Collaboration To work together, especially in a
joint intellectual effort. Communication The
active process individuals use to exchange
information, ideas, needs and desires with and to
one another by speech, signals, writing, or
behavior. Communication Mode- the type of
through-the-air interaction (verbal or
visual). Completely in-the-canal hearing aid -
(CIC) these tiny hearing aids are seated fully in
the bony portion of the ear canal. These aids are
not appropriate for children, but may be used
later in life.  Conductive Hearing Loss - is a
permanent, intermittent, or temporary hearing
loss resulting from problems in the parts of the
hearing system that conduct sound to the cochlea,
such as the ear drum or the bones in the middle
ear 
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Cooing the gurgling sounds that babies
make. CookingAnother meaningful experience (like
a field trip without actually leaving the school)
that can teach many concepts such as number,
sequence, texture, color, and other descriptive
terminology. Critical Period (for language
development) the time when the developing brain
is best able to absorb a languageCued Speech -
this is a visual communication system combining
eight handshapes (cues) that represent different
sounds of speech. these cues are used
simultaneously with speaking. the hand shapes
help the child distinguish sounds that look the
same on the lips such as "p" and "b". The use
of cues significantly enhances lip reading
ability. It is a particularly good system for a
child who may not be able to learn entirely
through amplified hearing. 
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• deaf - with a lowercase "d", this term refers to
  individuals who have
• a medical/audiological condition of having little
  or no hearing. This
• term does not have any implication of the
  individuals cultural or
• community involvement. 
• Deaf - with an uppercase "D", this term refers to
  individuals who
• identify themselves as Deaf and share a culture
  and community, not
• just a medical condition. Deaf people dont want
  to be fixed and
• would not prefer to hear. Usually their preferred
  mode of
• communication is Sign Language
• Deaf Culture Is considered by its members as a
  minority culture
• with its own history, customs, values, social
  patterns, traditions,
• beliefs, rules of behaviors, stories, and jokes.
• Deaf Community Consists of a larger and more
  heterogeneous
• group of people who share the values and goals of
  Deaf people, but
• are not necessarily culturally Deaf.

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Decibels (dB)- used to express sound
pressure. Deictic Gaze The infants gaze is
directed at objects. Demonstrationshow to
activities that impart new skills to children
child manipulated activities. Developmental
Milestones - Physical or behavioral signs of
development or maturation in infants and
children. Rolling over, crawling, walking, and
talking are considered developmental milestones
and provide important information regarding the
childs development. The milestones are
different for each age range. Diagnostic
Serving to identify a particular disease
characteristic.
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• Echoing Repeating what the child says.
• Efficacy Power to produce effects operation or
  energy of an agent
• or force production of the effect intended as,
  the efficacy
• of medicine in counteracting disease the
  efficacy of prayer.
• Empathic Showing empathy or ready comprehension
  of
• others' states "a sensitive and empathetic
  school counselor"
• Empowering To equip or supply with an ability
  enable
• Computers... empower students to become
  intellectual explorers
• Entrainment Small, synchronous movements an
  infant makes in
• response to the adults speech at the phoneme,
  syllable, phrase,
• and sentence levels.
• ESLEnglish as a second language teaching
  English to those who
• use another language as their primary or first
  language.

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Etiology physiological reason or cause for any
anomaly Expansion To restate what a child has
said in a more linguistically correct
way. Expatiation Expanding on a word a child
says by offering more information. Experimentsus
eful ways to demonstrate properties of the
natural world to a child. Expressive Serving to
express or indicate. Field TripsWays to share
information with students also provide topics
for conversation many days after the
event. Frequency- perceived by people as the
pitch- low or high spectrum of sound.
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Gesture Nonverbal form of communication (i.e.
pointing) Hard-of-hearing Term used to describe
an individual who uses hearing as the primary
mode for speech perception, speech monitoring,
and language acquisition. Hearing Impaired A
genetic term indicating a hearing loss that may
range in severity from mild to profound. I.D.E.A.
- the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) guarantees the right to a free and
appropriate education to student with
disabilities (ages 3 to 21). eligible children
can receive special services and assistance
(known as special education and related services)
under IDEA.   IEP - an Individual Education
Program (IEP) is a written statement outlining
the educational program that meets a childs
individual needs. Every child receiving special
education services must have an IEP as it sets
reasonable learning goals for the child, and most
importantly, states the services the school
district will provide for the child. .
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Imitation An infant matches or repeats what an
adult or other person does. Implement To put
into practical effect carry out implement the
new procedures. Indexing pointing to an
area/object to reference a person or object that
is not present. Inner Ear- the area beyond the
bones of the middle ear spaceincludes the
cochlea. Initialized Signs- signs that are made
using the first letter of the English word
equivalent. Initiate To set going by taking the
first step begin initiated trade with
developing nations. In-the-canal hearing aid -
(ITC) these hearing aids are smaller than the ITE
aids and fit mostly in the canal area with some
of the device outside the concha. This device is
not practical for small children for several
reasons, including the same impracticality of ITE
aids and the small size that allows them to be
easily swallowed. 
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In-the-ear hearing aid - (ITE) these hearing aids
are custom made to fit in the ear, filling the
entire ear bowl (concha). All of the electronics
for the hearing aid fit within this custom case.
Since the ears of babies and small children grow
rapidly, ITE aids are considered an impractical
alternative. However, ITE aids may be fit on
older children and teenagers, although regular
remakes may be required.  Intonation The
linguistic use of pitch. Joint Action Routine
actions shared between the adult and
infant. Joint Attention/Reference When two or
more participants share a common focus on one
thing. Kinesthetic An awareness of ones body
as it moves through space.   Language A
socially shared code or conventional system for
representing concepts through the use of
arbitrary symbols and rule-governed combinations
of those symbols. Labeling Attaching a name to
an object. Linguistic- pertaining to language.
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• Linguists Specialists who work to determine the
  language rules that individual people use to
  communicate.
• Lipreading The process of recognizing speech
  using only the visual speech signal and other
  visual cues, such as facial expression,
  understanding speech by watching the lips.
• Mainstreaming Reassignment of children with
  disabilities from a special education classroom
  to a classroom in the regular school environment.
• ManipulativesMaterials used to represent other
  real-life objects or concepts.
• MAP specifications of threshold,
  suprathreshold, and
• frequency by which the speech processor of a
  cochlear implant processes the speech signal and
  delivers it in electrical form to the electrodes
  in the electrode array

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• Mastoid Bone- the lower portion of the temporal
  bone which lies
• just behind the ear.
• Modeling A natural strategy that takes place
  during
• motherese/parentese. Providing a correct example
  for the infant
• to imitate and follow.
• Morphology the study of meaningful word units.
• Motherese/Fatherese/Parentese The natural
  tendency of a parent
• or caregiver to modify their communication skills
  to convey
• meaning to a child.
• Mutual Gaze When the parent or caregiver and
  child are
• looking at one another.

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Nonlinguistic Cues Gestures, body posture,
facial expression, eye contact, head and body
movement, and proxemics used while
communicating. Noun Modification using aspects
such as space to show differences in size,
quality, etc. between nouns (a big bowl vs. a
small bowl). Overarticulating Stretching out
sounds in words to be more precise. Parallel
Talk Describing a childs actions while he or
she is doing them. Pathology The scientific
study of the nature of disease and its causes,
processes, development, and consequences.Phonolog
y - the study of speech sounds. Pitch The
variation in ones vocal sound (i.e. low to
high). Prelinguistic before speech Pre-literacy
The development of skills which will be later
used in language and literacy.
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Prosody The natural rise and fall of pitch
during conversation. Proxemics The physical
distance between communicative partners (i.e.
between the adult and infant) used in
communication. Rate The speed at which one uses
language in communicating. Recasting To phrase
a sentence in various ways. Receptive Of or
relating to the skills of listening and
reading. Reinforcement Anything that increases
a behavior. Referencing Noting the presence of
a single object, action, or event for ones
communication partner. Reflective thinking to
look back at attentively and thoughtfully.
Retrocochlear Hearing Loss - is a permanent
hearing loss related to an actual problem with
the hearing nerve or parts of the brain which
process speech. ("beyond the cochlea") 
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Residual Hearing- the amount of hearing that is
left when a hearing loss is present. Responsivity
The adults tendency to recognize an infants
signal and meet that signal with an appropriate
and consistent response. Rhetorical Question
when the signer provides both the question and
answer. Role Shifting an aspect of storytelling
in which the signer assumes the different roles
by shifting their body. Sandwiching- A process of
couching a new skill within an old skill first
you present the known, then the unknown, then the
known again. Semantics- the study of meaning in
language. Sensori-neural Hearing Loss - is a
permanent hearing loss typically resulting from
damaged or missing hair cells in the cochlea, or
from problems with the auditory nerves.  Signed
English a signing system based on spoken
English, not a true language.
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Singulars/Pluralsone/ more than
one Social/EmotionalThe developmental area that
involves skills which enable the child to
function in a group and to interact
appropriately with others, such as playing a
circle game with other children or comforting
someone who is crying by offering a
hug. Socioeconomic Involving social as well as
economic factors "socioeconomic status". Speech
talking, one way that language can be
expressed Speech Banana- an area on an audiogram
(which holds the shape of a banana) that covers
the frequency area in which speech sounds are
produced. Speech Reading speech recognition
using auditory and visual Cues
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• Stress The emphasis placed on speech by varying
  ones pitch
• or sound of voice.
• Suprasegmental Stress, rate, pause, and
  intonation used to
• signal attitude or emotion in speech.
• Syntax- the way words are put together to form
  sentences and phrases rules of grammar.
• Tactile Perception achieved through the sense
  of touch.
• Turn Taking Turn taking is taught through game
  playing
• routines.
• Threshold - the softest sound an individual is
  able to hear at a particular frequency or pitch 
• Total Communication - (TC) uses a combination of
  methods to teach a child, including a form of
  sign language, finger spelling, speech reading,
  speaking and amplification.  

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Transliterator - someone who understands the
mode and can communicate with and speak for the
cuer Two-way communication Communication that is
reciprocated by the other person involved in the
interaction. Unbiased Without bias or prejudice
impartial. Unilateral- affecting one
ear. Unilateral Hearing Loss - a hearing loss in
only one ear  Verb Modification (includes
directionality- direction of the sign tells you
the subject and object
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Vicarious ExperiencesRepresenting real-life
events through pretend (i.e. going to the
doctors office, police station, restaurant, post
office, etc.) Visual Anything that can be
seen. Visual representationsusing codes or
labels, symbols, gestures, icons, color codes and
signs for language categories in order to visual
organize language .