Infection Control

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Infection Control

• Principles of Disease
• Transmission

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Microorganisms

• Small living plant or animal
• Non-pathogens
• Live in or on the body
• Part of the normal flora
• May be beneficial to the body
• Pathogens
• Germs
• Cause infection

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Types of Pathogens

• Bacteria
• One celled plants
• Classified by shape and arrangement
• Cocci strep, staph
• Bacilli TB, tetanus
• Spirilla syphilis, cholera

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• Protazoa
• One celled animals
• Found in decayed material and contaminated water
• Malaria, dysentery

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• Fungi
• Simple plant-like organism
• Live on dead matter
• Yeasts, molds
• Ringworm,athletes foot, thrush

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Rickettsiae

• - Parasitic microorganism
• Transmitted to humans through the bite of a
  tick,fleas, Typhus and lice, mites
• Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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• Viruses
• Smallest microorganism
• Can only reproduce inside humans cells
• Colds, chicken pox, warts, influenza, HIV,
  Hepatitis

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Needs of microorganisms

• To Grow
• Warmth
• Darkness
• Source of food
• Moisture
• Aerobic need oxygen
• Anaerobic dont need oxygen

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How Pathogens Cause Infections

• Poisons/toxins
• Ex tetanus
• Allergic Reactions
• Ex runny nose, sneezing
• Attack and Destroy cells they invade
• Ex malaria

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Additional Classifications

• Endogenous
• Originates inside the body
• Exogenous
• Originates outside the body
• Nonsocomial
• An infection acquired inside the hospital
• Opportunistic
• Infections that occur when the bodys immune
  system is weak

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Chain of Infection
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Asepsis

• Absence of disease-producing microorganisms
• Any area or object containing pathogens is
  considered contaminated

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Levels of aseptic Control

• Antisepsis
• Prevent or inhibit the growth of pathogenic
  organism but are not effective against spores or
  viruses.
• Ex Alcohol/Betadine

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Disinfection

• Destroys or kills pathogenic organisms but not
  always effective against spores or viruses
• Ex Bleach, Clorox

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Sterilization

• The process that destroys all microorganisms both
  pathogenic and non-pathogenic including spores
  and viruses.
• Ex Steam under pressure, autoclave, gas,
  radiation, chemicals

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Most Inexpensive, Quickest, and Effective way to
prevent the spread of pathogens
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Standard Precautions
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Two Main Ways Pathogens Spread

• Blood
• HIV
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C
• Body Fluids

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OSHA

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• 1991 established
• blood-borne pathogen
• standard regulations

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Regulations

• Determine employees who have occupational
  exposure
• Provide the Hepatitis B vaccine free
• Provide PPE Personal Protective Equipment
• Provide adequate hand washing facilities
• Ensure the worksite is maintained in a clean and
  sanitary condition

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Regulations Cont.

• Enforce NO eating , drinking, smoking, applying
  lip balm or lipstick, handling contact lenses or
  mouth pipetting in any area potentially
  contaminated with blood or body fluids.
• Provide adequate sharps containers coded
  red/orange
• Post signs in areas where there is occupational
  exposure

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• Provide confidential medical evaluation and
  follow up for any employee with an exposure
• Provide free training for any new updates or
  changes

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Sharps

• all needles
• syringes
• syringe bodies
• scalpels
• lancets
• any glass items, such as slides or Pasteur
  pipettes, that are contaminated with potentially
  infectious material and/or human blood.

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PPE

• Personal
• Protective
• Equipment

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Sterile Technique

• Sterile
• Free from all organisms
• Contaminated
• Organisms and pathogens are present
• Items that touch your clothes or skin or any area
  below the waist are considered contaminated

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Sterile Field

• Never reach across the top of the field
• Reach in from the sides to add to the field
• Never turn your back to a sterile field
• 2 inches around the border are contaminated
• Anything below the level of the tray is
  contaminated

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Methods to Remove Sterile Articles from Sterile
Wraps

• Drop Method
• Mitten Method
• Transfer Forceps

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Sterile Field

• Keep Sterile field dry
• Pathogens move quickly through wet surfaces
• Take care when pouring solutions into a sterile
  field
• When you put on sterile gloves, only handle
  sterile items

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Standards Precaustions

• Used when contacting all patients

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Transmission-based Isolation

• Airborne
• Droplet
• Contact
• Protective

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Communicable Diseases

• A disease caused by a pathogic organism that can
  be easily transmitted to others
• Spread by
• Direct contact with patient
• Contact with blood and body fluids
• Droplets
• Discharge from wounds

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