Climate Change

1
Climate Change

• Its Getting Hot Out Therre
• Todd Thomas
• International Environmental Law
• November 20, 2003

2
Montreal Protocol

• Thou Shalt Not
• 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
  the Ozone Layer
• Related to Vienna Convention, other

3
Montreal Rules

• 5 Annexes, broken into
• CFCs
• Halons
• Other fully halogenated CFCs
• Carbon tetrachloride
• Methyl chloroform
• Hydrochloroflourocarbons
• Hydrobromofluorocarbons
• Methly Bromide
• Bromochloromethane

4
Article 2A CFCs

• Annex A, Group I
• 1986 as baseline year for consumption
  production
• Enactment not to exceed 1986 levels
• July 1991-December 1992 150 1986 levels
• 1994 25 of 1986
• Developing Countries 35 of 1986 levels
• 1996 0 of 1986 levels
• Developing Countries Annual Avg 1995-1997

5
CFCs, Developing Countries

• Production for basic domestic needs
• 2003 80 of 1995-1997 average
• 2005 50 of 1995-1997 average
• 2007 15 of 1995-1997 average
• 2010 0 of 1995-1997 average

6
Article 2B Halons

• Annex A, Group II
• 1986 as baseline
• Industrialized
• 1992 100 of 1986 levels
• 1994 0 of 1986 levels
• Developing Countries
• 1992 110 of 1986 levels
• 1994 15 of 1986 levels
• 2002 100 of 1995-1997 annual average
• 2005 50 of 1995-1997 annual average
• 2010 0 of 1995-1997 annual average

7
Article 2C Other fully halogenated CFCs

• Group I, Annex B
• 1989 as baseline year
• Industrialized
• 1993 80 of 1989
• 1994 25 of 1989
• 1996 0 of 1989
• Developing
• 1993 90 of 1989
• 1994 35 of 1989
• 1996 15 of 1989
• 2003 80 of 1998-2000 annual average
• 2007 15 of 1998-2000 annual average
• 2010 0 of 1998-2000 annual average

8
Article 2D Carbon tetrachloride

• Group II, Annex B
• 1989 as baseline year
• Industrialized
• 1995 15 of 1989 levels
• 1996 0 of 1989 levels
• Developing
• 1995 25 of 1989 levels
• 1996 15 of 1989

9
Article 2E Methyl Chloroform

• Group III, Annex B
• 1989 as baseline year
• Industrialized
• 1993 100 of 1989 levels
• 1994 50 of 1989 levels
• 1996 0 of 1989 levels
• Developing
• 1993 110 of 1989 levels
• 1994 60 of 1989 levels
• 1996 15 of 1989 levels

10
Article 2F Hydrochloroflourocarbons

• Group I, Annex C
• Limited Use, when other materials not available
• The Formula
• 2.8 of consumption/controlled substances in
  Group I, Annex A
• Plus, level of consumption in 1989 of Group I,
  Annex C

11
Hydrochloroflourocarbons, Contd

• 1996 100 of the formula
• 2004 65 of the formula
• 2010 35 of the formula
• 2015 10 of the formula
• 2020 0.5 of the formula, for refrigeration and
  a/c servicing only
• 2030 0 of the formula

12
Article 2G Hydrobromoflourocarbons

• Group II, Annex C
• 1996 0

Article 2I Bromochloromethane

• Group III, Annex C
• 2002 0

13
Article 2H Methyl Bromide

• Annex E
• 1991 as baseline year
• 1995 100 of 1991 level
• 1999 75 industrialized, 85 developing
• 2001 50 industrialized, 60 developing
• 2003 30 industrialized, 40 developing

14
Methyl Bromide Again

• Industrialized 2005 0
• Developing annual average 1995-98
• 2005 80 of average
• 2015 0 of average

15
Other Rules

• Article 3 Definitions and Formulae
• Production, Import/Export, Consumption
• Article 4 Control of Trade with Non-Parties
• Article 5 Special Situations of developing
  countries
• Developing country consumption of Annex A
  chemicals less than 0.3 kg per capita
• Ten year delay in compliance

16
More Rules

• Article 6 4 year review of Article 2-2I
• Assess the control measures provided scientific,
  technical, environmental and economic
• Panel of experts convened at least 1 yr. prior
• Article 7 Reporting of data
• Report baseline data to Secretariat, annual rpts
• Article 8 parties develop rules for
  non-compliance

17
Rules

• Article 9 Research, development, public
  awareness and exchange of information
• Article 10 Financial mechanism
• Separate funds to help Art. 5 countries
• Article 10A Transfer of technology
• Sharing
• Article 11 Meetings of the parties
• Initial tasks and rulemaking, regular functions

18
Climate Change Convention

• 1992
• Lets All as opposed to Thou Shalt
• Recognizes climate change as a problem
• Works with uncertainty about climate change
• Framework for proactive solutions via long range
  planning and shifting burdens

19
Kyoto Protocol

• 1997
• Rules and Procedures based on Convention
• Fits within framework of convention
• In addition to the Montreal Protocol
• of greenhouse gases not controlled by the
  Montreal Protocol.
• New, flexible approaches

20
Rules

• Six major greenhouse gases, emissions quantified
  in carbon dioxide equivalents
• Emission limitation and reduction commitments in
  Annex B
• National figure for each country
• Industrialized only
• Between 2008 and 2012, reduce overall emissions
  to 5 below 1990 levels
• Demonstrable Progress by 2005
• Economies in transition can choose own base
  year
• Further reductions to be established by Parties
  (Art 3, 9)

21
Kyoto Rules

• Article 4 agreements to share commitments
• Article 5 national system for estimating
  emissions and removals
• Article 7 annual inventory of emission/removal
  and supplemental info.
• Article 8 Expert review panels examine annual
  reports, recommend changes
• Standard system for comparing national figures

22
Kyotos open-ended rules

• Article 9 COP review protocol
• in the light of the best available scientific
  information on climate change and its impacts, as
  well as relevant technical, social and economic
  information.
• Article 10 Sesame Street
• cooperate share
• Article 11 Financial pooling sharing

23
Cooperation

• Emissions trading
• Meet your goal, then sell spare allowances
• Joint Implementation
• Assist with another countrys reductions at
  cheaper price than in own country
• Clean Development Mechanism
• Assist with developing nations reduction
• Governed by executive board