Review

1
Review
2
Topics

• Introduction
• Signal Generation and Conditioning
• Amplitude Modulation
• Angle Modulation
• Television
• Digital Signaling
• Multiplexing
• Transmission Line
• EM Wave, Antenna, and Waveguide
• Optical Communications
• Public Switched System
• Data Communications and Networking
• Microwave Systems and Devices
• Satellite Communications
• Wireless Systems

3

• Electronic Circuits
• Active Devices
• Passive Components
• Circuits and Diagrams
• Instrumentation
• Performance
• Communications Systems
• Characteristics
• Algorithm and Protocol
• Services

4
Electromagnetic Wave

• Electric and Magnetic Fields
• Periodic in Time and Space
• Frequency and wavelength
• Vector
• Polarization
• Direction of propagation
• Propagation
• Free space
• Waveguide
• Boundary conditions
• Mode
• Speed and distance
• Channel

5

• Generation
• Electrical current to EM wave
• RF antenna
• Optical laser
• Modulation
• Information encoding
• Detection
• EM wave to voltage signal
• RF Antenna
• Diode
• Optical Detector
• Baseband

6

• Carrier
• Modulation
• Time Domain
• Pulse shape
• Frequency Domain
• Spectrum
• Fourier Transform
• Bandwidth
• Limit
• Efficiency

7
Information Capacity

• Carrier Frequency
• RF MHz
• Microwave GHz
• Fiber 1014 Hz
• Modulation Bandwidth
• Shannon Limit
• I B log2 (1 S/N)

8
Noise

• Thermal Noise
• Shot Noise
• Noise Characteristics
• Amplitude and phase
• Probability
• Power
• Spectrum
• Bandwidth
• Noise Figure
• NF (S/N)i/(S/N)o
• Amplifiers
• Equivalent temperature
• Friis formula

9
Frequency Control

• Filters
• RC, LC
• Low pass, high pass, bandpass, notch
• Active filters
• Resonant frequency, bandwidth, and Q
• Crystal
• Resonant frequencies
• High Q
• Temperature dependence

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Signal Generation

• Oscillation
• Positive or in phase feedback
• Loop gain
• Phase
• Complex impedance
• Frequency dependent, resonance
• Oscillators
• Crystal oscillator
• LC oscillators Colpitts, Hartley, Pierce, ..
• Varactor
• Synthesizer
• Divider
• Mixer

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Circuits

• Amplifiers
• Tuned Amplifier
• Class C
• Nonlinear
• High efficiency
• Common Base
• Mixer
• Gilbert cell balanced modulator
• Phase Locked Loop
• Synchronization

12
AM and ASK

• Amplitude Modulation
• Modulation Index
• Side Bands
• Power Distribution
• AM Modulator
• Power supply modulation
• AM Detection
• Coherent detection using local oscillator and
  mixer
• Incoherent detection using diode rectifier
• System Variations
• SSB, SC, vestigial side band

13
Angle Modulation

• Phase Modulation
• Frequency Modulation
• Side Bands
• Bessel Function
• Modulation Index
• Limiter
• Noise
• Frequency dependence
• Preemphasis and deemphasis circuits
• FM thresholding and capture effect

14
FM

• Modulation
• Varactor
• Variable reactance amplifier
• Detection
• Frequency dependent output
• Discriminators
• PLL
• Stereo FM
• Frequency division multiplexing
• Pilot or sub-carrier

15
Television

• NTSC
• Video - AM
• Luminescence
• Chrominance
• Comb filter
• Audio FM
• 6 MHz bandwidth
• HDTV
• Digital, mpeg-2
• CATV

16
Digital Signaling

• Pulse Code Modulation
• A/D and D/A
• Sampling
• Nyquist rate
• Anti aliasing filter
• Quantization
• Resolution and error
• Compander
• Single Bit Digitization
• Codec
• ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, , Constellation

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Digital Signaling

• Modulation
• AM, FM
• BPSK mixer
• M-ary - DSP
• Detection
• Coherent
• Local oscillator, mixer, LPF
• Incoherent
• DPSK 1 bit delay
• Timing Synchronization

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Digital Signaling

• Bandwidth Limited Digital Signal
• Error Probability
• BER
• S/N dependent
• Eye Diagram
• Sensitivity
• PSK
• FSK
• ASK

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Trellis Coded Modulation

• Convolution Coding
• State
• Mapping to Constellation
• Trellis Diagram
• Decoding
• Maximum likelihood

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Multiplexing

• Orthogonality
• FDM
• OFDM
• Filter, summing amplifier
• TDM
• Synchronous
• Asynchronous
• Logic
• Spread spectrum
• Frequency hopping
• CDMA
• WDM
• CWDM, DWDM

21
CDMA

• Code Generation
• Pseudo random number generator
• Correlation
• Auto
• Cross
• Detection
• Process gain

22
Transmission Line

• Waveguides
• Metallic, dielectric
• Coax, twin lead, glass fiber
• Balanced, unbalanced, balun
• Micro stripline, coplanar stripline
• Loss, dispersion
• Connector
• Mode matching
• Characteristic Impedance
• Speed of Light

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Reflection, Impedance Matching

• Reflection Coefficient
• VSWR
• Smith Chart
• Calculation of impedance network
• Impedance matching
• Stub Matching
• TDR

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Wave Propagation

• Ground Wave
• Space Wave
• Ionosphere
• Line of Sight
• Spreading Loss
• Waveguide Loss
• Skin depth
• Loss tangent
• Dispersion
• Multi-Path Interference

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Antenna

• Oscillating Dipole
• Radiation Pattern
• Directionality and Gain
• Antenna Array
• Phased array radar
• MIMO
• Space diversity

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Optical Communications

• Semiconductor Light Source
• Pn junction, L-I curve, spectrum, speed
• Single Frequency Laser
• Glass Fiber
• Loss
• Dispersion
• Detector
• Pin, APD
• Quantum efficiency, responsivity
• Fiber Amplifier
• Modulators
• Array Waveguide and Fiber Bragg Gratings

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Optical Communications

• Connectors
• Isolator and Circulator
• Couplers
• Wavelength dependence
• Electronics

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Phone System

• Services
• POTS
• Modem
• ADSL
• Subscriber Loop
• Switching
• Numbering, 800
• Multiplexing
• FDM
• TDM
• DS0, DS1 (T1), .. OC1.. OC768

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Switching, Transport and Networking

• Circuit Switch
• Fabric
• Packet Switch
• Datagram
• Frame Relay, ATM
• SONET
• VoIP

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Digital Communications

• Source Coding
• Efficiency
• Line Coding
• Bandwidth
• Timing recovery
• Channel Coding
• Error detection and correction
• Hamming code
• Security - Encryption

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Computer Peripherals

• Serial Port
• UART
• Parallel Port
• IEEE1284
• IEEE488
• USB
• Fire Wire

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Networking

• OSI Model
• 7 laysers
• Internet Model
• 4-5 layers
• Topology
• Bus, star, mesh, tree
• Ethernet
• Hardware
• Signaling

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Microwave Technology

• Devices
• Active
• HEMT
• MEMS
• Passive
• Instrumentation
• Signal generator
• Spectrum analyzer
• Network analyzer

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Satellite Communications

• Orbit
• Geosync, medium, low
• Links
• Up, down, transponder
• Converter
• Signaling, FEC
• Link Budget Analysis
• Systems
• TV, digital radio, data link
• GPS
• Phone

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Mobile Communications

• Cell and Cluster
• Configurations
• Hand off
• Frequency Reuse
• Interference, efficiency
• Systems
• AMPS, GSM, CDMA, iDEN
• Signaling
• Generations
• Handset
• Base station
• Database

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Wireless Networking

• Wi-Fi
• 802.11a, b, g
• Bluetooth
• Zigbee
• ISM Band
• MIMO
• Ad Hoc Sensor Network

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RFID

• Reader
• Tag
• Active
• Passive
• Systems
• Frequency
• Range
• Data rate
• Collision
• Database Management

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Topics of RD

• Systems
• MIMO
• Adaptive wireless
• VoIP
• On demand services
• Security
• Quantum encryption, information processing
• Devices
• Photonic crystals and bandgap materials
• High speed, microwave electronics