MarketLed Pluralism:

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Market-Led Pluralism Re-Thinking Our
Understanding of Racial/Ethnic Spatial Patterning
in US Cities Lawrence A. Brown and Su-Yeul
Chung Department of Geography Ohio State
University and Western Illinois
University Columbus, Ohio 43210-1361 Macomb,
Illinois 61455-1390 Third International
Population Geographies Conference. June
2006 Liverpool United Kingdom
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Vast Differences Between US City of
Today Compared to Quarter and Half Century
Ago Call for Rethinking Frameworks That
Provide an Explanation of Clustering/Segregation
Along Racial/Ethnic Lines
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Portrayals of residential patterning in US metros
emphasize SEGREGATION Kaplan, Wheeler, and
Holloway 2004 text African Americans remain
extremely segregated several decades after the
civil rights movement Hispanics are more
segregated than Asians African Americans are
highly segregated but some improvement
segregation for Hispanics increased notably
during the 1990s Logan, Stults, and Farley
(2004) research paper in every year
1980-2000, blacks were the most segregated
group Asians were the least segregated
black-white segregation declined
segregation of Hispanics and Asians remained
almost the same blacks remained more segregated
from whites than were Hispanics or
Asians. SUNY-Albany Lewis Mumford Center
institutional setting Present three decades of
D-Indices (1980-2000) for US Metro Areas
under the heading -- Exploring the persistent
and changing nature of segregation in America's
metro areas, large and small Hence, expect
segregation, high levels of clustering when
considering racial/ethnic residential patterning
in US city
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How Then Do We Explain --
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But were not alone -- NYT on Americas Newest
Suburbs -- Instead of all-white enclaves of
the 1960's 70's, new exurbs are a mélange of
colors and cultures. Columbus Dispatch on
political strategy -- inner tier suburbs
extension of cities they surround with
increasing concentrations of ethnic minorities,
generally liberal attitudes on social questions
greater presence of singles in high-rise and
condominium developments receptivity to
arguments for environmental protection and
planned growth Terms have been coined --
ethnoburb, invisiburb, saffron suburb
Questioning relevancy of the U.S. black-white
model, which reflects legacy of slavery including
its contemporary forms of discrimination and
resultant socioeconomic disadvantages ... thus
rendering a black-white portrait of America
anachronistic Questioning the reification of
white suburbia as paramount space of
American cultural belonging ... that spatial
assimilation theory remains fixed on
the normative objective of propinquity to whites
in suburban locations.
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Leads us to question current-day significance of
three primary frameworks addressing racial/ethnic
residential patterning -- Assimilation,
Stratification, Resurgent Ethnicity -- even as
complementary constructs. Concern especially
sharpened after realizing, and probing into,
role of market makers in present-day
racial/ethnic residential fabric -- Articulated
as the Market-Led Pluralism framework.
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Assimilation Associated with Melting Pot ideal
Stems from Urban Ecology school of
1920s Immigrants, having adapted to US society,
then move into established neighborhoods that
generally are spatially more distant from the
CBD In context of today, similar idea
Racial/ethnic minorities relocate to higher
status areas in closer proximity to majority
Caucasian population, but melting pot ideal is
less central Structural Assimilation, measured
by socio-economic characteristics such as income
and education, differentiated from Cultural
Assimilation, measured by indicators such as
English language ability and length of residence
in US (for immigrants) Also Segmented
Assimilation options of (i) Acculturating
middle class values of dominant Caucasian society
(traditional assimilation), (ii) Gravitating to
underclass, or (iii) Advancing socio-economically
and spatially while maintaining strong ties
with origin community culture and society
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Stratification Structural forces associated with
housing discrimination, racial stereotyping,
prejudicial preferences lead to segmented housing
markets, neighborhood stratification Disadvantage
d groups in terms of race/ethnicity relegated to
particular places (upward) spatial mobility to
other locations is impeded Resulting
racial/ethnic location patterns seen to persist
even though judicial, legislative, and societal
changes in the latter half of twentieth century
moved current practices far afield from earlier
ones View consistent with occurrence of inertia
effects on socio-economic landscape (Brown, Lee,
Lobao, and Chung 2005).
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Resurgent Ethnicity I Why does segregation
persist, after removal / amelioration of housing
discrim, racial stereotyping, prejudicial
preferences? Emphasizes racial/ethnic
preference in residential choice, in-group
attraction E.g. Asian Hispanic immigrants
who cluster in more affluent areas of New York /
Los Angeles, sometimes without cultural
assimilation such as language skills (Logan,
Alba, Zhang 2002). Such racial/ethnic
settlements better understood as ethnic
communities driven by preference, rather than
immigrant enclaves driven by economic and
cultural constraints Generates (re-)segregation
even though integration (Assim) socio-economical
ly feasible and discrimination (Strat) abated
Occurs because cultural economic aspects of
(im)migration are decoupled
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Resurgent Ethnicity II Resurgent Ethnicity
patterning occurs in (at least) three ways. 1.
Spillover Effects related to invasion-succession
traditional enclaves and neighbors are
insufficient to hold newcomers 2. Chain
Migration ties of immigrants with assimilated
relatives or friends leads to settlement near
them 3. High socio-economic status immigrants
settle directly in more affluent
locales Resurgent Ethnicity articulated in
terms of immigrants, but Applies also to
native-borns in traditional racial/ethnic
enclaves who experience SES increase,
and Choose traditional enclave or another
racial/ethnic enclave that is commensurate with
their SES.
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Resurgent Ethnicity III Implies two types of
racial/ethnic neighborhood 1. Traditional
Enclaves that expand, absorb lower SES, less
culturally assimilated immigrants, and
native-borns 2. New Racial/Ethnic Neighborhoods
in more affluent (??) areas, providing shelter to
entrepreneurs. professionals, etc Chain
Migration is common to both types of
concentration, Spillover effects apply to
traditional racial/ethnic enclaves Socio-Economic
Status effects apply to resurgent ethnicity
Neighborhoods. Spatial-Social Polarization is
an outcome Heterolocalism parallel applies to
recent populations of shared racial/ethnic
identity in a dispersed pattern of
residential location, while maintaining strong
social cohesion despite the lack of
propinquity (Zelinsky Lee 1998, p. 293)
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Stepping Away Adjusting Our Lenses 1.
Increasing racial/ethnic profile of suburbs,
Ethnoburb, Safron Suburb 2. Discriminatory
housing practices (Strat) greatly attenuated in
impact 3. Inertia effects visible, but
Stratification processes not strong in todays
residential sorting 4. Heterogeneous
neighborhoods per se (Assim) not necessarily
attractive thus a marginal or irrelevant
criteria in housing choice 5. Segmented
Assimilation has currency but word assimilation
carries baggage, and limits understanding
current-day dynamics, especially because the
process can be only partially assimilation 6.
Resurgent Ethnicity more applicable current day,
but how pervasive is in-group attraction as
driver of racial/ethnic residential
patterning?? 7. Racial/ethnic clusters might
occur from personal networks/contacts as much
as preference (or both) so assessing Resurgent
Ethnicity is difficult 8. All frameworks miss
Market Makers MARKET-LED PLURALISM
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Market-Led Pluralism Components -- Developers --
unveil new urban spaces with culturally open
communities Lending Agencies -- provide highly
affordable mortgages to increasingly wide range
of households Government Policies directed to
affordable housing, home ownership as national
priority, American dream commitment Real Estate
Brokers/Agents -- discriminatory practices of
past are illegal, profit reducing, and beside the
point Consumers -- preferences, tempered by
affordability, is shared, not differentiated,
along racial/ethnic lines Communities -- own
development agenda impacts housing
markets Facilitating these are Information
that is pervasive fluid (web, e-mail, cell
phone) Procedures that are more systematized,
automated, transparent Class-type elements, e.g.
affordability and amenities (housing,
Neighborhood), dominate consumption equation not
Culture Well working market mechanisms
characterize new reality
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Market-Led Pluralism Summary I Represents
commercial perspective on todays housing market,
Owning and renting Todays markets
open/dynamic -- compared w/ 20 years ago
(Stratification) Transportation improvements,
regional planning, spatially dispersed
employment opportunities -- loosened monocentric
city grip spatial spread/expansion
Developers respond w/ enormous array of
multi-household projects, often billed as
communities -- single-family dwellings,
traditional condominiums, condominium arrangement
s of single-family dwellings, rental properties
projects aimed at full range of market in terms
of income -- in the process, also opens market of
former residences (positive filtering)
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Empirical Evidence on Builder Impact -- NYT
reports New River community in Tampa MSA,
exurban, one county removed from central city,
has 38 percent Hispanic, 24 percent white, and
16 percent black. More indirectly, considering
influential segment of population who continually
relocate (relos) in moving up corporate ladder,
NYT notes relos have segregated themselves,
less by the old barriers of race, religion and
national origin than by age, family status,
education and, especially, income. Columbus --
Table 2 highlights population characteristics of
six sub/ex-urban municipalities one MSA county
that experienced significant growth since 1990,
largely through construction of new homes
communities by builders (as on Figure 1) In all
seven examples, minority population growth,
ranging from 160 to 850 percent between 1990 and
2000, out-stripped growth of political unit
overall.
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Role of Building sector in Market-Led Pluralism
context -- Builders target broad range of
markets, rent and own segments Building in large
quantities, communities, away from metro center,
reflecting land availability and cost Housing
supply, from entry-level to luxury, across full
range of price-points Reflects market and
anticipated demand at any given level. Amount of
construction fueled by enormous increase in
people with ability to own, (recounted in Lending
Section). Building is race/ethnicity-blind, but
if R/E dimension in market, may be addressed
explicitly through advertising, welcoming
gestures, etc. Creates derivative supply of
older houses so segments can improve living
conditions -- filtering up Effect is
centrifugal loosening of spatial patterns
representing R/E aspects of residential
mosaic Class-, not culture- considerations are
paramount in this segment of M-LP
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Market-Led Pluralism Summary II Moving products
facilitated by burgeoning range of mortgage
instruments agencies, especially in past
decade. Undergirding these are government
initiatives carried out by FHA, FannieMae,
FreddieMac, HUD, etc -- loosened mortgage loan
programs considerably -- pressed for
racial/ethnic opportunities in housing --
promoted American Dream to/for all -- supported
outreach that educates public in home buying
procedures/possibilities Exhortations not
merely sloganeering or vote-getting
exercises real and lots of potential gains
for business/NGOs enormous they respond
accordingly Todays home purchase parallel to
mindset in automobile buying How much per month
current costs, future not factored in
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FannieMae American Dream Commitment Program in
2000 for first time home buyers so that 18
million minority and underserved Americans can
own or rent a home by the end of the
decade with housing and lending partners, we
launched a wide range of mortgage innovations
and initiatives that brought low-cost,
consumer- friendly home financing to new people
and places, and made it easier for minority
families and the working poor to get their foot
in the door of homeownership or obtain safe,
decent, affordable rental housing An informant
who specializes in mortgages noted Consumers
are much more educated today, at all SES levels.
In 1990, when conventional mortgages were the
norm, buyers often didnt even know the
difference between or consequences of a fixed
or variable rate. Today ... major developers and
lenders make a point of informing and educating
people ... Also, home ownership is perceived by
the market as much more possible, whereas that
wasnt the case in 1990. Same informant drew
parallel todays housing market and
automobiles just as you can get into a new
car for so much per month the pitch in todays
housing market is often in terms of present or
current costs, not future costs
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Role of Lending Sector in Market-Led Pluralism
context -- Burgeoning increase in mortgage
products over last two decades, housing
accessibility increases rapidly expanding segment
of pop Major impetus has been federal government
commitment to home ownership American Dream,
institutions such as Federal Housing Authority
(FHA), Federal National Mortgage Association
(FannieMae) Embraces partnering of government
private enterprise, provides distinct incentives
private sector responded resoundingly Target of
home ownership programs is lower income
households, where race/ethnicity characteristics
are over represented, but R/E Fair Housing
practices also explicit concern of
programs Mortgage lending also enters rental
unit market by programs policies designed to
increase R/E representation in quality rental
units dispersed throughout metro area Spatial
manifestation of govt program related mortgages
in Columbus is highly uneven, visually correlates
with maps showing the locations of R/E minorities
lower-priced new communities (building
sector) Culture-type considerations play
significant role in this segment of M-L P
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The Home Mortgage Market I Traditionally
dominated by Savings-Loans conventional
mortgages where pct of house price (typically
20) paid up front. Changed dramatically in
1990s, opening home ownership to enormously
wider spectrum of the population 1. Full service
banks specialized lending agencies now major
players 2. Specialized lending agencies incl
brokers who shop for mortgage country wide via
web etc (e.g., California lender finances
Columbus home buyer) 3. Mortgages immediately
factored to secondary market comprised of large
nation-wide banks (e.g., Wells Fargo) or
govt-created entities (e.g., FreddieMac)
reduces/eliminates lender risk, increases capital
turnover, stimulates market 4. Mortgage
products proliferated -- FHA VA programs,
available for decades now Fed Natl Mortgage
Assoc (FannieMae) Community Home Buyer Programs
(offer low or no down payment), buy-down
mortgages, sub-prime lending, wrapping closing
costs into mortgage itself, etc 5. Loosened
credit rating requirements e.g., debt to income
ratio, typically 28/36 for conventional mtg-s
but 29/41 for FHA mtg-s, treated with
greater flexibility Impact Enormously expands
the pool of potential home buyers!!
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The Home Mortgage Market II Major impetus for
proliferation is government/government-related
entities FannieMae -- American Dream
Commitment Program -- for first time home
buyers, 18 million minority/underserved can
own/rent a home by end of decade we launched
wide range of mortgage innovations and
initiatives that brought low-cost,
consumer-friendly home financing to new people
... made it easier for minority families/working
poor to get foot in door of homeownership or ...
safe, decent, affordable rental housing US
Department of Housing and Urban Development --
HUD's mission is to increase homeownership,
support community development, increase access to
affordable housing free from discrimination
claims that Homeownership is a National
Priority President Bush -- wants to increase
the minority homeowners by at least 5.5 million
before the end of decade and proposed
zero-down-payment initiative Rental housing
programs e.g., Low Income Housing Tax Credit
(LIHTC) authorizes States ... to issue Federal
tax credits for the acquisition, rehabilitation,
new construction of affordable rental housing ...
a project must have specific proportion of units
set aside for lower income households and rents
on these units limited to 30 percent of
qualifying income
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The Home Mortgage Market II Continued Exhortati
ons not merely sloganeering or vote-getting
exercises. Huge amounts of government
back up what is said Efforts are partnered
with financial institutions, local governments,
real estate professionals, housing lenders,
builders, and nonprofit housing
organizations Simply put Potential gains for
NGOs and business entities have been -- and are
-- enormous And they have responded accordingly.
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The Home Mortgage Market III -- Responses 1.
Developers (M/I, Dominion, Maronda)
created/integrated financial arm within Firm
(M/I Financial, Dominion Financial, MFC
Mortgage) 2. Numerous free-standing mortgage
agencies, in addition to full-service banks
e.g., Broadview Mortgage w/ offices throughout
Ohio 3. Typical web site outlines home buying
process (Home Buyers Guide, FAQs), describes
loan products (Your Loan Options, Calculators),
facilitates application (Apply On Line,
Pre-Qualify Now), encourages personal contact
(Talk With Us Today, Free Consultation) 4.
Products include Blemished Credit Options, down
payment assistance, no minimum credit score to
qualify, adjustable rate mortgages with a
below-market fixed rate for three years 5.
Photos each Home Loan Expert with homey,
comforting words -- Call, e-mail, or visit
Melanie ...she understands true meaning of
customer service, Dedicated, ensures best
mortgage products and rates 6. Photo of Melanie
indicates she is African American a Spanish
family name is common among staff often home
page has Se Habla Espanol
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The Home Mortgage Market IV -- Consequences Bank
VP who specializes in mortgages noted that --
1. Consumers much more educated today, at all
SES levels. In 1990, when conventional mortgages
were norm, buyers often didnt even know
difference between or consequences of fixed or
variable rate. Today ... major developers and
lenders make point of informing/educating ...
Also, home ownership is perceived by market as
much more possible wasnt case in 1990. 2. A
parallel between todays housing market and
automobiles where you can get into a new car for
so much per month the pitch in todays housing
market is often in terms of present or
current costs, not future costs 3. Consequence
of focus on current costs and low/no
down-payments is foreclosure increases,
especially in a down economy when individuals
lose jobs. Scenario (i) -- interest rates rise
for adjustable rate mortgages, which are less
expensive initially. Scenario (ii) -- new houses,
when property taxes kick in year or so after
purchase. Scenario (iii) -- minimal/zero
down-payment, home owner does not have cushion
to cover real estate commissions and other
selling costs. 4. In Franklin County OH new
foreclosure filings between 1994 and 2001
rose from 1552 to 5007, with especially dramatic
jump (32) between 2000 2001 .
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Market-Led Pluralism Summary III On demand
side, Individuals respond to opportunity, within
affordability constraint realize amenities such
as owning home, space/parks, school district
choice, proximity to work, etc Overall, Profit
consumption are pervasive in equation, as
always Market is open because discriminatory
practices are illegal, less- or un-profitable,
confronted by households (Stratification) Individu
al decisions might be driven by desire to
assimilate or live with ones own ((Segmented)
Assimilation, Resurgent Ethnicity) some
discriminatory practices (Stratification) continu
e In terms of variance explained, however,
Market-Led Pluralism accounts for extraordinarily
high proportion of the change in racial/ethnic
residential patterns, at least since 1990
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Under some circumstances ... brokers are more
interested in preventing ethnic tipping, and
thereby preserving their white customer base,
than they are in serving the interests of black
or Hispanic customers. (Yinger) If many real
estate agents have a smiling face but a bigoted
spirit, they have been doing a mighty poor job
of keeping blacks out of white neighborhoods
(Thernstrom Thernstrom) When it comes to
color, all he knows is that money is green
(Agent) Our team has added a Spanish-speaking
agent, Spanish-speaking mortgage lender, title
company that speaks the language ... also
I've invested in tapes to bring back Spanish
that I haven't used in 50 years Not simply
benevolence or enlightenment -- potential
sanctions under current law include six-
seven-figure .. damage awards for victims
(Farley-Squires) Realtors today arent as
concerned about fair housing and stuff like
that so much as mold ... issue isnt so much
whose selling and whose buying as it is
disclosure, disclosure, disclosure. sure,
legal sanctions may not get down to the level
of someone like myself ... but even if they did,
self interest is a good consumer product
whole business geared to having real estate be a
good thing -- Board of Realtors to big
developers banks on down to local guy like me
-- theyre all trying to create a quality
dependable, trustworthy experience
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Role of Selling Renting sector in Market-Led
Pluralism -- Discriminatory practices continue
in housing market, but empirical evidence (e.g.,
Audit Studies) indicates they constitute small
share of real estate rental transactions have
dropped dramatically over past three decades
continue to drop at steady pace Home owner
informants gave no hint of encountering such
practices, and other informants map patterns,
buttress conclusion that selling renting
practices are, mostly, distinctly
non-discriminatory Shift reflects potential
sanctions stemming from government policy and
legal rulings that discriminatory practices not
linked to income as they were thirty years ago
that for many, maybe most, focus is taken up by
other, more pressing concerns (e.g., mold,
disclosures, inspections, termites) Related to
latter is crossing of two trends over past three
decades -- enormous decrease in racial/ethnic
aversion at personal institutional level an
enormous increase in consumer advocacy laws,
practices, expectations Culture-type
considerations were once paramount in this
segment of M-LP, but class- considerations
dominate today
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Findings on Preferences -- For all thirteen
items, no significant difference between
Caucasians (C) and African Americans (AA) for MSA
or Franklin County (F) Relative importance of
items among the set of thirteen. Least important
is Racial Composition of the Neighborhood and
Racial Composition of schools Student Body, the
dimension given most attention in earlier
research Economic Status of Student Body also is
relatively unimportant Most important items are
Good Investment or Resale Value, Safety of
Neighborhood, Quality of Academic Programs Range
of opinion -- consistently more divergence among
African Americans than Caucasians while not
statistically different, AAs are noticeably more
concerned with Racial Composition of the
Neighborhood and Student Body
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From New Home Consultant for a builder
-- quality of life is the primary motivation
for choosing a home, not the color of the
neighbors ... Blacklick Ridge is pretty much a
melting pot ... and if there is a specific
criteria one thing people often say is I want
to live in a neighborhood where parents expect
their children to attend college Thernstrom
and Thernstrom -- note that middle-class African
Americans are as prone to avoid poorer, higher
crime, lower amenity neighborhoods as are
Caucasians that despite the parallelism, racism
is attributed to Caucasians but not African
Americans, when in fact -- The views of
middle-class blacks ... are not basically
different from those of whites.
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Three-plus decades of racial/ethnic mixing in
schools, work place, places of consumption --
together with policy shifts, new laws, successful
legal challenges -- dramatic effect in terms of
change in R/E aversions These scouts, young
people, are black, green, red, all kinds. They
don't have the background of what ... occurred
20-30 years ago ... don't have a clue what the
Vietnam War was about, the post war reaction of
mid-70's, race riots ... moved forward to the
point that they dont understand characters such
as Archie Bunker of sit-com, All in the Family,
fame making fun of prejudice ... I find them
open to ideas, willing to work with each other
... everywhere I go with the scouts and
elsewhere I find diversity ... its change ...
and we also find it in the approach to ... the
overall market. Thernstrom and Thernstrom --
... half a century ago, most white Americans were
distinctly uneasy about ... having black people
... in their neighborhoods ... but by 1972 ...
the number with this concern ... had fallen so
much that the question disappeared from surveys.
It wasnt an issue anymore. ... Prejudice against
sharing a neighborhood with African Americans has
declined so precipitously that whites today are
... far more nervous about ... having a next-door
neighbor who ... is a religious fanatic than ...
having one who is black.
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Role of Consumer sector in Market-Led Pluralism
context -- Given available housing (Build
sector), funds for buying or renting (Lend
sector), that discriminatory biases are not
introduced by market agents (Sell-Rent sector),
racial/ethnic representation in any given place
will depend on, reflect, consumer preferences We
argue -- Consumption equation of seeking
neighborhood housing amenities, tempered by
affordability, is shared, not differentiated by
R/E Supported by informant data, survey of 1998
home buyers, by circumstantial reasoning
regarding marked decline in R/E aversion due to
mixing in schools, work, places of
consumption Sample of 1998 home buyers
indicates, in choosing new home, racial
composition of neighborhood schools was least
important of 13 housing preference items, for
both AAs Cs, and these groups did not
significantly differ from one another in this
preference, or others Calls into question focus,
and current-day relevance of earlier research
that dwells on neighborhood composition in terms
of race Class-, not culture- considerations are
paramount in this segment of M-LP
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Role of Local Communities in Market-Led Pluralism
context -- Residential expansion occurs within
context set by local communities, which impose
own development agenda, or lack there of, on
markets Driving agenda -- economic growth,
enhancing/protecting tax base, creating/maintainin
g community style, pop size, avoiding strangle by
(other) suburbs Agenda may vary in breadth, from
one/two community sectors (e.g., housing,
education) to full range in balanced-growth
manner Tools -- include land annexation (thru
utility provision, infrastructure enhancement),
local government/administrative consolidation,
zoning, architectural review, reconciling
conflicting agendas Important -- administrative
capacity, foresight in planning process (when
established, what kind of process, etc),
community history Within MSA, communities vary
greatly in planning endeavors spatially
differentiated outcomes in cost, type, character
of housing, related amenities. Race/ethnicity
characteristics impacted accordingly Employment
associated with community affects pop
composition Class-, not culture- paramount, but
culture motivation readily masked by planning
agenda that is economically exclusive
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Pro-development is very common among
municipalities -- most cities think that growth
for growths sake is good -- others, but not
many, say growth of what kind some leaders
are simply grasping for whatever they can get
others will say no and hold out for what they
want. ... development drives growth, but the
city/township unit determines the kind of
growth using zoning, architectural standards,
design review, development standards
etc Mission Statement of Cleveland Heights
Ohio goal To remain a leader in integration,
assuring mutual respect among a racially and
culturally diverse population.
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Employment Profile Effects -- Planned or
Accidental -- S/W Columbus -- Defense
Construction Supply Center (DCSC) well-paying,
good-benefit jobs, more often custodial, office
clerk, blue collar-type sectors staffed by
(former) armed forces, many African American or
other minorities / Similarly, Rickenbacker Port
Authority complex, former military base -- Both
preceded Pickerington Reynoldsburg
development North Franklin County and beyond is
more high tech, new economy, white collar
positions, higher education expectations /
Cardinal Health Corporate Office,
Compuserve-WorldCom (formerly), Limited Corporate
Office, Online Computer Library Center (OCLC),
Scott Lawn Care Corporate Office, Verizon
Wireless, Wendys Corporate Office -- Ohio
Wesleyan, Otterbein, other institutions of higher
learning -- major US Honda plant accompanied by
many Asian-based suppliers
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Table 4 -- Delaware County, coherent
forward-looking planning, Relative strength in
Management Professional Less in Service,
Construction-Maintenance, Production- Transportat
ion occupations Highest household income and
home value Minority representation 5.0 (3rd
highest) African American 2.5 (norm) Madison
Pickaway Counties Lowest in Management
Professional Highest in Construction-Maintenance,
Service, Production-Transportation Income and
home value at very bottom end Minority
representation, 7.3 7.2 (highest) African
Americans 6.2 6.4 (highest)
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Concluding Observations on Market-Led Pluralism
-- M-LP directly reflects workings of todays
housing market within which race/ethnicity
distinctions occur An account of how things
operate, not abstraction, unlike many social
science frameworks. Our thinking embraces the
profit-motive and related self-interest
mechanisms as a dominant force in R/E issues eg
-- Discriminatory practices, central to the
stratification framework, proliferated and
continued only so long as financial gain was
there in general, no longer the case As places
of work and consumption become increasingly
multiE/R, fading of Caucasian ideal such that
assimilation per se becomes marginal/irrelevant
in housing choice, heterogeneous neighborhoods
not attractive in themselves, personal utility
functions shift towards more contemporary
concerns (schools, safety, investment value),
and are shared, not R/E distinct
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In different venue -- the ski industry is ...
realizing ... it has to go multicultural to grow,
How white do you think your resort can be in 35
years and still be in business? Wynter (2002)
-- The much maligned melting pot ... is
bubbling again ... this time whiteness itself is
finally being dissolved into a larger identity
that includes blacks, Hispanics, and Asians ...
big business turned up that flame while white
privilege still obtains in America, its becoming
a luxury thats less and less fashionable and
more and more costly to maintain I cant
imagine corporate capital supporting the cost of
whiteness past its economic retirement age.
Never forget The underlying motivation for the
institution of political whiteness has always
been economic first and social second. Hence no
economic return, no more whiteness.