Class Averages

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Class Averages
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Chapter 2

• Ecology
• Mrs. Palmer

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Scientific Method

• Observation
• Formation of hypothesis
• Make predictions
• Experiment
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Control Group
• Analysis
• Conclusion
• Repeat as Desired

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Values and Decision Making
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History of Conservation Movement

• Transcendentalism
• The spiritual over the empirical in pursuit of
  knowledge
• Thoreau
• Emerson
• Both men asserted a reverence for the natural
  world.

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Timeline

• 1849 Establishment of Department of Interior
• 1864 George Marsh
• Man and Nature is published, the first analysis
  of humans destructive impact on the environment
• 1872 Yellowstone becomes the first national park
  in the world, Arbor day is established
• 1876 John Muir
• forestry
• Founder of Sierra Club dedicated to preservation
  of wilderness
• One of the countrys most politically active
  conservation groups
• 1891 Forest Reserve Act
• Allows the president to establish National
  Forests
• 28 Forest Reserves (National Forests) were
  established
• 1894 National Park Protective Act passed
• No hunting on National Park land

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Waves of Environmental Movement

• 1st Wave
• 1901-1909
• President Theodore Roosevelt
• Conservation was a major focus of domestic policy
• Creates 53 wildlife reserves during his
  presidency
• White House Conference on Natural Resources
• First natural resources inventory was done by
  leaders in politics and science.
• Gifford Pinchot led the conference
• Transfer Act of 1905
• transfers the National Forests to the Bureau of
  Forestry from the Department of Interior

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History

• John Muir
• Valued nature for its own sake
• Protected species and wilderness
• Gifford Pinchot
• Used natural resources to meet human needs

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• 2nd Wave
• 1933-1941
• President Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Expanded national parks and forests
• Prairie States Forestry Project (1934)
• Goal was to limit soil erosion by strategically
  planting trees and shrubs
• Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
• Groups of men stationed in national parks and
  forests. Employed to build fire lanes, fight
  forest fires, control pests, plant trees

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• Soil Conservation Service
• Conducted soil conservation demonstrations to
  demonstrate importance of erosion control.
• Important at the time because of the Dust Bowl
• North American Wildlife and Resources Conference
• Inventoried wildlife resources and worked on
  conservation problems
• This conference still meets annually today

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• 3rd Wave
• 1960-1980
• Presidents Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford,
  Jimmy Carter
• Rachel Carsons book Silent Spring is published
• Paul Ehrlich publishes The Population Bomb which
  pointed out the growing population and the
  resulting stress on the environment
• Decade of Environment 1970-1980
• First Earth Day celebrated in 1970

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• 1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  established
• Shift towards pollution control and environmental
  control standards
• 1971 Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration (OSHA) established
• Under the control of the Department of Labor
• Established because human health was considered
  a natural resource worthy of protection
• 1973 Endangered Species Act
• The most comprehensive legislation for the
  preservation of endangered species ever enacted
  by any nation. -US Supreme Court
• Enforced by the US Fish and Wildlife Service
• Organisms listed as endangered receive federal
  protection and funding to establish conservation
  programs

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• 4th Wave
• 1980-Present
• President Bill Clinton
• Early 1980s resistance to environmental
  protection because people started to perceive it
  as counterproductive to economic progress, others
  were saying that it was not working
• Earth Summit (1992)
• The largest international meeting on the
  environment ever
• 800 page document called Agenda 21 outlined over
  4,000 action items for achieving sustainable
  development

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Aldo Leopold

• 1887-1948
• Considered the Father of Ecology
• Wrote A Sand County Almanac
• guided many to discovering what it means to live
  in harmony with the land and with one another.
• Considered the land a living organism.

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Presidential Cabinet

• Department of Agriculture
• Department of Interior
• Department of Commerce
• Department of Justice
• Department of Defense
• Department of Labor
• Department of Education
• Department of State

• Department of Energy
• Department of Transportation
• Department of Health and Human Services
• Department of Treasury
• Department of Homeland Security
• Department of Veterans Affairs
• Department of Housing and Urban Development

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Dept. of Interior Agencies

• Minerals Management Service
• National Park Service
• Bureau of Indian Affairs
• Bureau of Land Management
• Fish and Wildlife Service
• U.S. Geological Survey
• Bureau of Reclamation
• Office of Surface Mining

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Dept. of Agriculture Agencies

• Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services
• Food Nutrition and Consumer Services
• Food Safety
• Marketing and Regulatory Programs
• Natural Resources and Environment
• Research, Education and Economics
• Rural Development
• Forest Service
• Farm Service Agency

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Department of Agriculture

• Conservation of environmental resources that are
  an integral part of farming is a major goal of
  USDA. This ERS research program conducts economic
  research on the efficiency, effectiveness and
  equity of policies and programs directed toward
  improving the environmental performance of the
  agricultural sector.

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Department of Interior

• Goals Interior has established five Departmental
  goals that encompass the major responsibilities
  of the Department. These goals provide a
  framework for the strategic plans of Interior's
  bureaus. The Departmental goals are as follows
• Resource Protection - Protect the Nation's
  Natural, Cultural, and Heritage Resources
• Resource Use - Manage Resources to Promote
  Responsible Use and Sustain a Dynamic Economy
• Recreation - Provide recreation opportunities for
  America
• Serving Communities - Safeguard lives, property
  and assets, advance scientific knowledge, and
  improve the quality of life for communities we
  serve
• Management Excellence - Manage the Department to
  be highly skilled, accountable, modern,
  functionally integrated, citizen-centered and
  result-oriented

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