Disney - Childhood socialization gender, race, ethnicity

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• Disney - Childhood socialization gender, race,
  ethnicity
• Part 2
• Part 3
• Part 4
• Part 5

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Gender

• How are males and females different?
• females outlive males, males are stronger and
  generally larger, females learn to speak sooner,
  use sentences earlier, score higher in tests of
  verbal fluency, grammar and spelling, males are
  better with spatial tasks and math.

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What are some feminine and masculine stereotypes?

• Dont act like a sissy! or
• Take it like a man!
• Masculine represents strength and success
• Feminine represents passive and weak
• Masculinity in Disney
• Killing Us Softly
• Stars without Makeup

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Gender --

• is a social characteristic and varies from one
  society to another. Gender serves as a sorting
  device by which society controls its members
• (i.e., gender norms). Virtually everything
  social in our lives is gendered Kendall

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Gender stratification

• Historically women have experienced
  discrimination as a group even though they
  outnumber men factors that influence it are the
  subsistence base (i.e., economic structure), the
  supply and demand for labor, the womens child
  rearing activities.

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Why Patriarchy -- male dominance?

• Birth - tasks kept women closer to home
• war, trade, hunting took men away from home for
  extended periods, gained prestige by returning
  with food, goods, artifacts from other cultures,
  prisoners
• Prehistoric times - threats of annihilation by
  other groups, recruitment was needed to fight.
  Men were bigger, stronger, thus coaxed into
  bravery by promises of rewards.

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• Pastoral/Horticultural - In many cases, women
  were the rewards -- sometimes polygamy, menstrual
  taboos, bride wealth
• Women were conditioned early on to adhere to male
  demands

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• Most extreme form of inequality developed in
  Agrarian society -- farming required more
  strength, men become more involved in the food
  production
• Developed along with the origin of private
  property. Ownership was limited to males and
  gave them extraordinary power
• seclusion and subordination led to practices
  like
• foot binding, suttee, genital mutilation (still
  practiced in more than 25 countries)

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• Violence
• Domestic Violence

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Violence in the U.S.

• In the United States, 1.3 women are raped every
  minute. That results in 78 rapes each hour, 1872
  rapes each day, 56160 rapes each month and
  683,280 rapes each year.
• 1 out of every 3 American women will be sexually
  assaulted in her lifetime.
• The United States has the world's highest rape
  rate of the countries that publish such
  statistics. It's 4 times higher than Germany, 13
  times higher than England, and 20 times higher
  than Japan.
• 1 in 7 women will be raped by her husband.
• 83 of rape cases are ages 24 or under. More than
  half are under 18 years of age.
• 1 in 4 college women have either been raped or
  suffered attempted rape.

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• 1 in 12 males students surveyed had committed
  acts that met the legal definition of rape.
• 75 of male students and 55 of female students
  involved in acquaintance rape had been drinking
  or using drugs.
• Only 16 of rapes are ever reported to the police

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Gender and population growth in China today

• Chinas lost girls shows how Agrarian societies
  still hold some of the ideologies of the past
  boys are more valued, expected to be able to
  support their parents in old age, leading to a
  disproportionate ratio of males to females
• Lost Girls

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• Industrial - status declines further with
  non-paid work, lower wages, cult of womanhood,
  domesticity -- mobility no longer dependent upon
  just wealth -- now power and prestige -- and
  control over others and self

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• Postindustrial --
• Formal education begins to play an important
  role in stratification service sector vs
  knowledge or information sector
• Also a time when objectification turns upon
  itself women objectify themselves along with
  men cult of thinness body obsession now
  crosses race, class, and gender lines..

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• Also the family structure has changed more
  children in female-headed households almost one
  in four (23)
• Job base has changed 60 percent of adult women
  now work - also affects the family structure

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Gender inequality in the U.S.
Inequalities of our recent past -- right to
vote, own property, testify in court, serve on a
jury, right to receiving the paycheck for labor
instead of the father or husband receiving it.
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How does gender inequality continue today?
Education

• schools - teachers have been shown to treat
  boys and girls differently
• sports - greater prestige in male sports
• higher education aspirations (92 of home
  economics degrees are awarded to females) (86
  engineering degrees are males)
• graduate schools -- males far more likely to
  graduate

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• Although men typically have higher scores on
  standardized admissions exams such as the
  Scholastic Assessment Test, women tend to have
  higher grade-point averages.
• Women are more likely than men to earn a
  bachelors degree.

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Workplace

• 1900 - only 1 in 5 women worked, today almost
  60 work (over age 16)
• Today - females are almost half the workforce

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• Women's Earnings as a Percentage of Men's,
  19512008
• The following table shows how much women working
  full-time, year-round in the United States make
  compared to men. For example, in 1951, women made
  about 64 cents for every dollar earned by men.
  The wage gap has narrowed over time, and by 2008,
  women earned 77 cents for every dollar earned by
  men.
• (for year-round, full-time work)
• Year Percent Year Percent Year Percent
• 1951 63.9
• 2007 77.8
• 2008 77.1 In Arkansas its 74
• 2009 77.0
• Source U.S. Women's Bureau and the National
  Committee on Pay Equity. Reproduced by permission
  of the National Committee on Pay Equity.

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Annual Median Earnings

• Median earnings of men in 2010
• 47,127
• Median earnings for women
• 36,278

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How have our work expectations changed

• Males and females have different job expectations
• both want good , status, security
• Females place greater values on jobs that give
  opportunity to make decision, challenges........
• Males -- greater value on slower pace and leisure

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Pay Gaps by Age groups using median

• Age Groups
• Womens of Mens Earnings23
• 20-24 92.9
• 25-34 88.7
• 35-44 77.4
• 45-54 73.6
• 55-64 75.3
• 65 76.1
• Gap increases as salaries increase
• Women 48 of those earning 20,000 to 25,000
  but only 10 of those earning over 200,000

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• As women age their earnings rise more slowly then
  mens
• As men age their earnings increase

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Race?
79 90 82
89 Compared to white males 69 92
60
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What causes the pay difference?

• Human Capital assumptions market is open,
  competitive, and non-discriminatory
• Workers vary in the amount of human capital
  (e.g., acquired education, job training, overall
  potential for productivity, etc.).

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Human Capital

• What people earn is a result of their own
  choices. e.g., the kinds of training and
  education they accumulated
• What people earn is a result of labor market need
  (demand) for and availability (supply) of
  particular kinds of workers

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• Women diminish their HC when they engage in
  childbearing, care-give parents, call in sick for
  child-care, etc....

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• While out of the workplace, their HC is
  deteriorating from nonuse.
• When they return to work, they earn less than men
  because they have not invested the years of
  experience (Women spend on average, 9 years less
  in the workplace)

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• Bottom line..
• Their education and training have become
  obsolete.

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Gender socialization

• From Washington post.
• Women ask for less money than males (average 30)
• Men are 4 times more likely to negotiate first
  salary
• Metaphors for negotiating pay
• males, winning a ball game
• Females going to the dentist

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• 50 of the pay gap results from choice - i.e.,
  women choosing lower-paying jobs
• e.g., elementary teaching, care giving
  occupations, etc. but remember Tumins
  suggestion that we consider how these were
  defined as less important in the first place.

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The other 50 ????

• Comparable worth or pay equity is the belief
  that pay should be based upon experience and
  education and not the gender or race of the
  individual
• Women earn less with same education and
  experience
• Male jobs are more valued, paid higher, more
  prestige, more opportunities for advancement

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Sex Segregation -

• Concentration of women in occupations that pay
  lower wages.
• pink collar ghetto
• When large numbers of women move into certain
  occupations the wages are lowered overall males
  lose too.

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Expected pay equity - 2050

• Networks -- old boy versus old girl -- glass
  ceiling and glass wall
• Fast track (requires 60-70 hrs per week, travel,
  etc.) Men are trying to opt out but having less
  success. This keeps the
• Mommy track (stresses both career and family) in
  place.