Integrated Pest Management

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Integrated Pest Management

• Basic Principles and Concepts

Joran Viers, Extension Horticulture
Agent Bernalillo Count Cooperative Extension
Service
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What is IPM?

• A pest-control decision process which takes into
  account the ecological, social and economic
  aspects of the situation prior to taking control
  actions.
• The goal is reducing pest populations to a point
  at or below an action threshold (either aesthetic
  or economic), and maintaining those populations
  at reduced levels.
• This is done to minimize negative effects on
  human health, non-target organisms and the
  environment.

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Why IPM?

• A more precise and effective pest management
  program
• A better understanding of the pests in your
  garden or landscape together with frequent
  monitoring information will allow you to take
  maximum advantage of control efforts
• Unnecessary pesticide sprays should be eliminated
  with cost savings and reduced risk to health and
  environment
• Avoiding repeated spraying with the same
  pesticide reduces the pests ability to develop
  resistance to a given material.

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Steps to Setting up an IPM Program

• 1. Define your objectives how much damage can be
  sustained before action is appropriate?
• Requires knowledge of plants in management area
  a map of the yard/garden may be helpful.
• Determine action threshold based on specific
  plants which ones can tolerate pests more, which
  ones less? Low thresholds for most commercial
  crops, county/state fair entries, high-visibility
  ornamentals where appearance really counts.
• Any mitigating circumstances, such as acute
  chemical sensitivity, young children, pets,
  wildlife, etc.

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Leaf-cutting Bees how much damage to plants do
they really cause?
Answer not enough to warrant control measures.
The plants can withstand a fair amount of leaf
loss before being hurt, and the bees provide
pollination services.
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Pets and other animals may be sensitive to
certain chemicals.
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• Defining objectives
• Many homeowners spend lots of time and money
  trying to create a perfectly weed-free lawn. If
  we agree a weed is simply a plant growing in
  the wrong place, and if we expand our list of
  plants well accept in a lawn along with grass,
  then a whole lot of weed problems go away.
• Plants like purslane, spurge and dandelion can
  be gently discouraged by proper feeding, cutting
  and watering of the lawn.

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How perfect does your lawn need to be?
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• 2. Based on the plants, what are the likely
  pests of concern?
• A good IPM program relies on knowing what pests
  to expect on which plants, and their potential
  for doing serious damage.
• There will be a limited number of common problems
  in any given area and landscape type, and an
  unlimited number of uncommon problems!

Insects, weeds, diseases, larger animals, small
children, spouses, etc
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Some insect pests are very host specific
Squash bugs feed on squash plants
Twig and bark beetles attack pines
Euonymus scale infests euonymus
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Some insect pests are NOT host specific
Plants that grasshoppers wont eat those they
already did!
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• 3. Pest Identification
• Being able to identify possible pests with a high
  degree of accuracy is important.
• Many insects found on plants are neutral or even
  beneficial. Insect pests may be on plants in a
  secondary role, attacking plants weakened by
  management decisions.
• Insect identification is not always easy. Use
  reference books or call the County Extension
  Office!

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Which is the pest?
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Guide books can help
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Knowing its a beetle is not enough
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• 3, cont.
• Weed identification may also require a reference
  book. If herbicides are called for, knowing the
  target plant is critical to choose right
  material.
• Diseases can be even tougher, as their symptoms
  may mimic environmental problems. Again, use the
  County Extension Office for help.

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Some diseases are easy to identify
Clockwise from left Cherry Rasp Leaf Virus,
Bladder Plum, Peach Mosaic Virus, Smut
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Others are not so easy
Sycamore anthracnose Catalpa verticillium wilt
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• 4. Monitoring
• Frequent, regular visits into the landscape to
  scout for problems is a necessary component of
  IPM.
• Inspect plants for signs of damage or
  infestation check leaves, buds, bark, trunk,
  etc. Record numbers and kinds of pest insects,
  as well as beneficials. Sticky traps and
  pheromone traps may be helpful.
• Pests are rarely distributed evenly across the
  landscape, so check all the plants.

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Traps can help in monitoring, as well as in
controlling insect pests.
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• 5. Select a management option
• Once a problem has been identified that rises to
  the threshold level requiring treatment, you must
  decide what action to take.
• Under IPM principles, the preferred options are
  those with the most limited ecological, social
  and economic impact.
• One key concept is to take actions that dont
  negatively impact beneficials in the landscape,
  as these can provide much of the protection your
  plants need.

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• 5, cont. Management Options
• a. Selection of more appropriate plants
• b. Cultural practices garden sanitation,
  appropriate water and feed, burning old residues
  of infected plants, etc.
• c. Encouragement of natural enemies
  small-flowered plants (mint, carrot and sunflower
  families are good) attract adults of beneficial
  insects (lady bugs, lacewings, parasitic and
  predatory wasps and flies, predatory mites,
  etc.) avoid broad-spectrum insecticides to
  conserve beneficial insect populations.

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Early season flame weeding of kochia seedlings
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Insectary plants
Coriander, carrot, fennel all in the same
family (Apiaceae), all attract small beneficial
insects to the landscape by providing nectar
source for adult insects.
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Insectary plants
Sage in bloom Yarrow in bloom
Plan your garden and landscape to allow for rows
and borders of insectary plants. Perennials
might be used on corners, edges let some annuals
go to flower and seed to establish self-seeding
populations (this can be risky, as they may
over-seed be careful!)
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Beneficial Insects
Assassin bug eggs, nymph, adult Family
Reduviidae prey includes lygus bugs, aphids,
flea-hoppers caterpillar eggs and larvae and boll
weevils. They will also eat other predaceous
insects such as lady beetles and big-eyed bugs.
Big-eyed bug nymph, adult Genus Geocoris
feeds on small caterpillars and caterpillar eggs,
fleahoppers, lygus bugs, mites, thrips,
whiteflies.
Lacewing egg, adult. Hemerobius and Chrysoperla
spp. Feed on aphids, spider mites (especially
red mites), thrips, whiteflies, eggs of
leafhoppers, moths, and leafminers, small
caterpillars, beetle larvae.
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Beneficial Insects

• Trichogramma wasps
• Among the smallest of insects, having a
  wingspread of about 1/50th of an inch. 
• Efficient destroyer of eggs of many moth and
  butterflies which are leaf-eaters in larval
  stage.  These parasitic insects disperse readily
  in their search for over 200 species of eggs to
  parasitize. 
• The Trichogramma seeks out eggs, but does not
  feed on or harm vegetation.  It is effective tool
  because it kills its host before the plant can be
  damaged. 

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Beneficial Insects

• Encarsia formosa
• Parasitizes at least fifteen species of
  whiteflies in eight genera.
• To successfully reproduce in greenhouses, E.
  formosa must locate potential hosts, assess host
  quality, and use nymphs appropriately for host
  feeding or parasitism.
• Following release into the hosts' habitat (i.e.,
  greenhouses), E. formosa employs visual and
  olfactory cues to find infested host plants.

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Beneficial Insects
Diplazonlaetatorius hover fly parasite wasp
Praying mantis
Orius spp. Minute pirate bug
Tachinid fly caterpillar parasite
Lady bird beetle
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• 5, cont.
• d. Augmentation of natural enemies bring in
  additional beneficials (can be purchased from
  many sources for more information see
  http//www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/)
• e. Disruption pheromone disrupters.
• f. Handpicking and other physical controls
  traps (sticky, pheromone, kariomone), cultivation
  (for weed pests), water spray for aphid control.

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• 5, cont. Management Options
• g. Application of pest control material
• Relatively non-toxic horticultural oils,
  insecticidal soaps, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt),
  garlic sprays, etc.
• Botanical/natural insecticides neem, rotenone,
  pyrethrum, sabadilla, etc. (may be relatively
  toxic but quickly breakdown to non-toxic
  compounds), spinosad.
• Synthetic chemicals there is a wide range of
  toxicities and breakdown-product persistence
  issues. Examples include imidacloprid,
  pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates,
  organochlorines, and others.

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Pest control materials

• Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacteria that
  produces a crystalline protein toxic to certain
  insects, most notably moth and butterfly larvae
  (Lepidopteron insects). It is a stomach poison
  after eating it, the larva quits feeding and
  starves to death.
• Bt varieties and their targets
• tenebrionis Colorado potato beetle, elm leaf
  beetle
• kurstaki caterpillars (lepidopterans)
• israelensis mosquito, black fly and fungus
  gnat larvae
• aizawai wax moth larvae, some other
  caterpillars
• Insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils work by
  suffocating the target pests work best on
  soft-bodied insects like aphids, crawler stage of
  scale.

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Pest control materials

• Botanical insecticides made from plant
  extracts. Commonly available materials include
• Pyrethrum Insects such as caterpillars, beetles
  and moths are paralyzed by pyrethrum and it is
  the most potent when applied as a spray. Can
  temporarily set back beneficials.
• Rotenone Kills many types of insects however,
  the period of protection it offers is short, just
  three to seven days. Toxic to beneficials and
  fish.
• Neem can control aphids, cutworms, thrips, many
  other insects. Non-toxic to mammals, birds,
  earthworms, most beneficial insects.

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Pest control materials

• Other materials
• Spinosad a new chemical class of insecticides
  registered by EPA to control a variety of
  insects. Active ingredient derived from naturally
  occurring soil-dwelling bacterium called
  Saccharopolyspora spinosa, reportedly collected
  from soil in an abandoned rum distillery on a
  Caribbean Island in 1982 by a vacationing
  scientist.
• The bacteria produces compounds (metabolites)
  while in a fermentation broth. The first novel
  fermentation-derived compound was formulated in
  1988. Spinosad has since been formulated into
  insecticides that combine the efficacy of a
  synthetic insecticide with the benefits of a
  biological pest control organism.
• Works against leaf beetles, thrips,
  caterpillarswill not harm most beneficials.

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Pest control materials

• Other materials
• Pyrethroids synthetic pyrethrins, break down
  more slowly. May be restricted-use materials.
• Imidacloprid systemic nicotinoid compound,
  labeled for many pests.
• Carbamates i.e. carbaryl labeled for use on a
  wide variety of pests. May be restricted-use
  materials.
• Organophosphates many types, labeled for
  specific uses, may be restricted-use materials.
• Organochlorines many types, labeled for specific
  uses, may be restricted-use materials.
• ALWAYS FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ANY PEST
  CONTROL MATERIALS USED! BE SAFE!

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• 6. Evaluation and revision
• A good IPM program is continually evaluated to
  find out what is working and what isnt, and what
  changes to make. Evaluation can detect problems
  like poor timing of application materials, which
  could result in no control even if the right
  material was selected. Revise, as needed,
  strategies and damage thresholds. Keep records
  so you know what you did!

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