Enteric Problems

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Enteric Problems

• Enteric problems in avian species can result from
  a variety of causes

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Enteric Problems

• Infectious Non-infectious

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Enteric ProblemsInfectious

• Bacterial Viral
  Parasitic

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Enteric ProblemsNon-infectious

• Mycotoxicosis Nutritional disorders

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Enteric Problems

• Most Obvious Clinical Signs
• Watery droppings
• Presence of blood in the feces (Some cases)
• Inappetence
• Weight loss

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• Diarrhea is rare in companion birds
• Loose watery feces are normal in Lorikeets and
  birds that consume liquid and necterin diets
• In Psittacine birds- most cases reported by
  clients are polyuria-feces are dispersed in an
  increased volume of urine
• Bubbles in the feces -true diarrhea

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• The appearance of the droppings can vary
• Spp of the bird -Seed eaters tend to have firm
  feces
• Nector eaters -fluid feces
• Diet- Greens - Softer and greener feces
• Vitamin supplementation - B vitamin- Yellow
  colour urates

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Enteric Problems

• Infectious Non-infectious

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Infectious Causes

• Bacterial agents
• Escherichia coli
• Salmonella species
• Campylobacter species
• Clostridium species
• Pseudomonas species
• Mycobacteria
• Yersinia
• Megabacteria

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Salmonellosis in Poultry

• Poultry constitute an important animal reservoir
  for Salmonella
• A very wide variety of serotypes have been
  isolated from chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other
  species of domestic poultry

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Salmonellosis

• Salmonella -2500 serotypes
• Major problem in poultry industry

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Non-host adapted Salmonella

• Other non-host adapted Salmonella types also
  infect poultry. Paratyphoid is a name given to
  infections of
• poultry by non-host adapted salmonella
• Contaminated animal by-products (Meat and Bone
  meal) used in animal feeds
• Contaminated hatcheries, environment
• Egg transmission from infected breeder flocks

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Campylobacter jejuni

• Present in the intestinal tracts and shed the
  organism in their feces
• Birds acquire infection from feed, water and
  litter, from contaminated premises
• Presumptive diagnosis can be made by
  demonstrating curved rods with motilty in bile
  using phase contrast microscopy

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Scanning picture of C. jejuni
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Clostridium colinum
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Ulcers in intestines
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Diagnosis
Post-mortem lesions- typical intestinal
ulcers Demonstration of organism in lesions FA
test AGP test
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NECROTIC ENTERITIS
Clostridium perfringens type A-
chickens Clostridium difficile in ostriches-
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Thick mucosa
Alpha toxin from Cp type A
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Infectious Causes

• Viral agents
• A number of viruses have been associated with
• enteric diseases of birds
• DNA viruses
• RNA viruses

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CORONAVIRUSES
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Rotaviruses
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Rotaviruses
Restlessness Litter eating Watery
droppings Cloacal pasting Inreased mortality
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Hemorrhagic Enteritis
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• Protozoan infections
• Giardia
• Many spp. of birds
• In the lower GI of Psittacines
• Highest in Toucans and smaller Psittacines,
  Cocktiels,
• Love birds, Budgies
• Chronic or recurrent diarrhea
• Warmer months
• Depression, ruffled feathers
• Demonstration of cyst or tropzoites in feces
  or
• mucosal scrappings at necropsy

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• Protozoan infections
• Cryptosporidium
• Many pet birds
• Diarrhea - some times acute and severe
• Demonstration of the organism -Intestinal
  epithelium or
• infective cyst in fecal material
• Coccidiosis
• common in canaries, finches, mynahs, pigeons
• Capillaria spp

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Coccidiosis
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• Identification of parasites in a fecal sample is
  not always indicative of diseases. Lab findings
  should correlate with clinical signs and
  concurrent problems

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Enteric ProblemsNon-infectious

• Mycotoxicosis

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• Mycotoxicosis
• Mycotoxicosis is a disease caused by a
• Toxic metabolite of fungi (Mycotoxin)

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Mycotoxicosis Consumption of moldy food Fusarium
mycotoxin or Fumonisin toxicity Citrinin
Mycotoxicosis- Penicillium spp Ochratoxicosis-
Ochratoxins are very toxic to Poutry Aspergillus
spp- Aflatoxin
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