Ch 5 Culture: Meanings and Dimensions

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Ch 5 Culture Meanings and Dimensions Culture,
Sub-Culture, Society Characteristics of
Culture - Learned - Shared -
Trans-generational - Symbolic - Patterned
(Table 5-1) - Adaptive
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Cultural Diversity Greetings - Hugs and
Kisses - Bowing - Use of Business Cards
- Handshake A Comparison US Firm Asian
Gentle (Except Korean) Latin American Moderate
Grasp Middle Eastern Gentle British Soft Frenc
h Light (Not to Superiors) German Firm
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Priorities of Cultural Values (Table
5-1) US Japan Arab Countries Freedom
Belonging Family Security Independ. Group
Harmony Family Harmony Self-reliance
Collectiveness Parental Guidance Equality
Age/Seniority Age Individualism Grp Consensus
Authority Competition Cooperation
Compromise Efficiency Quality
Devotion Time Patience Patience Directness
Indirectness Indirectness Openness
Go-between Hospitality
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• Culture Affects Magt Approaches
• Centralized vs. Decentralized
• Safety vs. Risk
• Individual vs. Group Rewards
• Informal vs. Formal Procedures
• High vs. Low Org. Loyalty
• Cooperation vs. Competition
• Short-term vs. Long-term Horizons
• Stability vs. Innovation

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• Understanding Culture (Fig. 5-1)
• Artifacts Can be sensed easily
• Norms and Values
• Can be inferred or articulated
• Basic Assumptions Hidden
• The Ice-burger Model of Culture
• The Onion Model of Culture
• Stereotypical Views and Cultural Zones

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Value Differences US, Japan, Korea, India,
Australia Value Similarities toward
Success Success and Personal Values More
Successful Managers Pragmatic, Dynamic,
Achievement-oriented Values Less Successful
Managers Static and Passive Values
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• Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions
• Universalism vs. Particularism
• General Application without Modification
• or
• Circumstances Dictate Application
• A Dilemma
• Has right to expect me to testify by lying
• Has some right to so
• Has no right to do so

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• 2. Individualism vs. Communitarianism
• People Regarding Themselves
• as Individual or as Part of a Group
• If you were to be promoted,
• Which issue would you emphasize most
• The new group you will work with, or
• Your greater resp. and higher income

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3. Neutral vs. Emotional Cultures Emotions Are
Held or Expressed Openly - Neutral Put as much
as possible in paper - Emotional Respond Warmly
4. Specific vs. Diffuse Cultures - Share Large
Public Space, Guard Small Private Spc. - Similar
Size for both Spaces, Guard Carefully
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5. Achievement vs. Ascription Status is based
on - What you can do, how well you do, or - Who
or what you are 6. Sequential vs. Synchronous
Approaches - Do one OR several activities at a
time - Past-, Present-oriented OR Future
oriented 7. Inner-directed vs. Outer-directed