Latin America 18301920

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Latin America 1830-1920

• By Bill Rice

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• From Colonies to Nations

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Causes of Political Change

• Latin America pushed for independence because of
  four major global events
• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• Divisions of whites and free people of color over
  control of St. Domingue (Haiti), Frances sugar
  colony.
• Latin American countries pretended to stay loyal
  to Spanish King setting up their own leadership
  as a result of Frances occupation of the Iberian
  Peninsula.

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Spanish American Independence

• Three areas of operation involved in struggle.
• 1. Mexico (Included Central America)
• 2. South America
• 3. Caribbean

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Mexico

• 1824 Mexico became a republic
• 1838 Central American countries gained
  independence after a brief attempt to consolidate
  as one nation, Gran Colombia

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South America

• Argentina and Venezuela were the first to become
  republics
• Peru was last to break with Spain
• 1825 All South American countries had gained
  their political independence

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Caribbean

• Cuba and Puerto Rico stay loyal to Spain, fearful
  of slave rebellion like they had seen in Haiti
  until the end of 19th century
• Other countries gained independence using
  American and French revolutions and South
  American Independence as examples

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Brazilian Independence

• In the late 18th century Brazils economy and
  population boomed.
• European demand grew.
• Increase in slave imports
• Lower class people wanted fewer taxes and open
  trade

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• New Nations Confront Old and New Problems
• Social inequalities
• Political representation
• The role of the church
• Regionalism
• These problems led to political fragmentation

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Social Inequalities

• Even with an end to slavery, issues of equality,
  race, and freedoms still existed

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Political Representation

• Women and many people of color where
  disenfranchised from voting, property ownership
  and education

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The Role of the Church

• Shift from church having major role in education,
  economy, and politics to loss of influence on the
  people

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Latin American Economies and World
Markets,1820-1870

• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 stated that any
  attempt by a European power to colonize would be
  considered an unfriendly act by the US

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Mid Century Stagnation

• After the wars of independence, Latin American
  economy was stagnant
• Wars destroyed industries
• Roads were poor
• Money was tied up in land
• Only Cuba expanded with the sugar economy- Cuba
  was still a colony of Spain

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Economic Resurgence and Liberal Politics

• Last quarter of the century there was a rapid
  expansion due to second industrial revolution.
• New demands for copper, rubber, wheat, sugar ,
  and coffee
• Population of L.A. doubled to 43 million between
  1820 and 1880

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Mexico Instability and Foreign Intervention

• Mexico gained independence, but the Constitution
  did not address social problems
• Bad distribution of land
• Status of Native Americans
• Problems in education
• Overwhelming number of poor

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Mexican Reforms

• Mexico was forced to face the nations internal
  problems
• Benito Juarez (a Zapotec Indian) became governor
  of his state
• La Reforma a liberal revolt, brought about a new
  constitution in 1857, limiting church and
  military control. The result was by 1910 ½ of
  rural population was landless
• Civil war erupted

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Manifest Destiny

• A belief that the US was destined to rule
  Continent from coast to coast
• US voted to annex Texas
• The result was the Mexican American War
• The US acquired ½ of Mexicos territory

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Argentina Brazil

• Brazil was last to abolish slavery in 1888
• Europeans emigrated to South America because of
  the improving economies

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Societies in Search of Themselves

• Social change was slow for American Indians,
  Blacks, and Women
• Elites were influenced by fashions and tastes of
  Europe in clothing, art, and architecture

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Old Patters of Gender, Class, and Race

• Education for women increased
• Public education increased
• Indigenous people continued in labor and to be
  poor

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The Great Boom, 1880-1920

• Large economic growth because of high demand by
  industrial Europe and US for raw materials food
  and tropical crops such as coffee
• Also bananas, rubber, copper, silver, wool,
  wheat, and beef were in demand as exports

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Spanish American War

• War centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico (Spains
  last colonies in the Americas)
• Panama Canal opened in 1914 backed by the US
• Puerto Rico and the Philippines became US
  territories

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