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Specialized Business Information Systems

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Title: Specialized Business Information Systems


1
Specialized Business Information Systems
  • Chapter 11

2
Principles and Learning Objectives
  • Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and
    diverse set of systems that can replicate human
    decision making for certain types of well-defined
    problems.
  • Define the term artificial intelligence and state
    the objective of developing artificial
    intelligence systems.
  • List the characteristics of intelligent behavior
    and compare the performance of natural and
    artificial intelligence systems for each of these
    characteristics.
  • Identify the major components of the artificial
    intelligence field and provide one example of
    each type of system.

3
Principles and Learning Objectives
  • Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at
    the level of an expert but must be developed and
    maintained very carefully.
  • List the characteristics and basic components of
    expert systems.
  • Identify at least three factors to consider in
    evaluating the development of an expert system.
  • Outline and briefly explain the steps for
    developing an expert system.
  • Identify the benefits associated with the use of
    expert systems.

4
Principles and Learning Objectives
  • Virtual reality systems have the potential to
    reshape the interface between people and
    information technology by offering new ways to
    communicate information creatively.
  • Define the term virtual reality and provide three
    examples of virtual reality applications.
  • Special-purpose systems can help organizations
    and individuals achieve their goals.
  • Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for
    organizational and individual use.

5
An Overview of Artificial Intelligence
6
The Nature of Intelligence
  • Learn from experience apply the knowledge
  • Handle complex situations
  • Solve problems when important information is
    missing
  • Determine what is important

7
The Nature of Intelligence
  • React quickly correctly to new situations
  • Understand visual images
  • Process manipulate symbols
  • Be creative imaginative
  • Use heuristics

8
The Difference Between Natural and Artificial
Intelligence
9
The Major Branches of ArtificialIntelligence
10
An Overview of Expert Systems
11
Characteristics of an Expert System
  • Can explain their reasoning or suggested
    decisions
  • Can display intelligent behavior
  • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
  • Can provide portable knowledge
  • Can deal with uncertainty
  • Not widely used or tested

12
Characteristics of an Expert System
  • Limited to relatively narrow problems
  • Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge
  • Possibility of error
  • Cannot refine its own knowledge
  • May have high development costs
  • Raise legal and ethical concerns

13
Capabilities of an Expert Systems
  • Strategic goal setting
  • Planning
  • Design
  • Decision-making
  • Quality control and monitoring
  • Diagnosis

14
Capabilities of Expert Systems
15
When to Use Expert Systems
  • High payoff
  • Preserve scarce expertise
  • Distribute expertise
  • Provide more consistency than humans
  • Faster solutions than humans
  • Training expertise

16
Components of an Expert System
17
Knowledge Base
  • Assembling human experts
  • The use of fuzzy logic
  • The use of rules
  • The use of cases

18
Knowledge Base
19
Inference Engine
  • Backward chaining
  • Forward chaining
  • Comparison of backward and forward chaining

20
The Use of Rules
21
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
22
Components of an Expert System
  • The explanation facility
  • The knowledge acquisition facility
  • The user interface

23
Expert Systems Development
24
Participants in Developing and Using Expert
Systems
  • Domain expert
  • Knowledge engineer
  • Knowledge user

25
Participants in Developing and Using Expert
Systems
26
Domain Experts
  • Recognize the real problem
  • Develop a general framework for problem solving
  • Formulate theories about the situation
  • Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
  • Know when to break the rules or general
    principles
  • Solve problems quickly and efficiently

27
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques
28
Expert Systems Development Tools and Techniques

29
Expert Systems Development Alternatives
30
Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial
Intelligence
  • Credit granting and loan analysis
  • Stock picking
  • Catching cheats and terrorists
  • Budgeting

31
Applications of Expert System and Artificial
Intelligence
  • Information management and retrieval
  • Games
  • Virus detection
  • Hospitals and medical facilities

32
Virtual Reality
33
Virtual Reality
  • Enables one or more users to move and react in a
    computer-simulated environment
  • Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully
    immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional
    world that is completely generated by a computer
  • Virtual reality system - enables one or more
    users to move and react in a computer-simulated
    environment

34
Segway
35
Interface Devices
  • Head-mounted display (HMD)
  • Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
  • CAVE
  • Haptic interface

36
Forms of Virtual Reality
  • Mouse-controlled navigation
  • Stereo projection systems
  • Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
    glasses

37
Useful Applications
  • Medicine used to link stroke patients to
    physical therapists
  • Education and training used by military for
    aircraft maintenance
  • Entertainment
  • Star Wars Episode II Attack of the Clones

38
Useful Applications
  • Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
  • Used to increase real estate sales
  • Virtual reality tour of the White House

39
Other Specialized Systems
  • Segway Personal Transporter
  • Adaptive brain interface technology
  • Personal awareness assistant (PAA)

40
Summary
  • Artificial intelligence - used to describe
    computers with ability to mimic or duplicate
    functions of the human brain
  • Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to
    learn from experience
  • Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or
    suggested decisions) and display intelligent
    behavior
  • Virtual reality systems - enables one or more
    users to move and react in a computer-simulated
    environment
  • Special-purpose systems - assist organizations
    and individuals in new and exciting ways. For
    example, Segway
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