LIN 201

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LIN 201

• Fall 2007
• Lectures XXIV (24) and XXV (25)
• Online under Lecture XXV

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Reminder

• Quiz 3 (4 of the course grade) -- Recitation
  this week. Covers the whole course (half on the
  first two Parts of the course half on Part III).

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Final Exam

• Exam -- Thurs., 12/13, 245-445 PM, Stolkin
  Auditorium. 35 of your Course Grade.
• Review Session Time and Place TBA
• Review Sheet available today (on the trash cans
  at the rear -- take one as you leave).

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LIN 201

• Fall 2007
• Lecture XXIV (24)
• Multilingual Societies II

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Agenda

• 1. Videotape on Canada. Reconquering the
  Conquest the outcome.
• 2. Multinational states.

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Agenda

• 1. Video Reconquering the Conquest. the
  outcome.
• You will not be held responsible for the
  remainder of the video Reconquering the
  Conquest on the Final Exam.

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Reconquering.. Subsequent outcome

• Referendum of 1980 in Quebec on separation of
  Quebec from the rest of Canada (shown late in the
  tape) 60 against separation.
• Referendum of 1995 (not shown) 51 against
  separation.
• Now The separation movement has died down.

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Agenda

• 2. Multinational states.

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Multinational state (1)

• A multinational state is a political entity that
  includes more than one nation.
• Example Canada (Anglo-Canada, French Canada,
  Native American nations)

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Multinational state (2)

• In a multinational state there is usually
• (1) a cultural/linguistic majority group and
• (2) At least one cultural/linguistic minority
  group

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Multinational state (3)

• In the usual case the cultural/linguistic
  majority considers its culture and language to be
  the culture and language of the state.

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Multinational state (4)

• The cultural/linguistic majority in a state often
  considers the minority to be a threat to the
  unity of the state and adopts policies that
  restrict the culture (and language) of the
  minority.

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A multinational state Spain

• Most of Spain Spanish -speaking. Most of
  France French-speaking.
• Northeastern Spain and southwestern France
  Basque-speaking.

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Basque speakers (1)
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Basque speakers (2)
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Basque speakers (3)

• Between 1939 and 1955 in Spain, use of the Basque
  language was forbidden by law
• 1. in the schools.
• 2. in the media.
• 3. in church ceremonies.
• 4. in all public places.

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Basque speakers (4)

• By 1990, all of these laws had been rescinded and
  are therefore no longer in force.

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A group of multinational states

• Three additional multinational states Turkey
  (national language Turkish), Iraq (Arabic), and
  Iran (Persian).
• All three have sizable numbers
• of speakers of Kurdish (that is, of Kurds) --
  members of a nation (that is, an ethnic group
  inhabiting an identifiable territory) referred to
  as Kurdistan.

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Kurdish speakers (1)
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Kurdish speakers (2)

• Between 1985 and 1995 in Turkey, use of the
  Kurdish language was forbidden by law
• 1. in the schools.
• 2. in the media.
• 3. in religious ceremonies.
• 4. in all public places.

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Multinational states Sum

• In attempting to reduce the perceived threat to
  state unity posed by minority groups, majority
  groups often target the language of the minority
  group.

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LIN 201

• Fall 2007
• Lecture XXV (25)
• Language Change I

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Agenda

• 1. Language change.
• 2. Dialect differentiation.
• 3. Videotape The Mother Tongue

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Agenda

• 1. Language change.

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History of English Periods

• 449-1066 AD Old English.
• 1066-1500 AD Middle English
• 1500-present Modern English

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Sound change (1)

• Old English Modern English
• hoose house
• oot out
• sooth south
• moose mouse

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Sound change (2)

• Middle Engl. Mod. Engl. (some dlcts)
• farm fam
• farther fatha
• barn ban
• etc.

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Sound change (3)

• Early Mod. E. Mod. S. US Engl.
• high ha
• pie pa
• ice as

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Agenda

• 2. Dialect differentiation.

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Language change and dialect differentiation (1)
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Language change and dialect differentiation (2)
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Stages in dialect differentiation (1)

• Stage I A given speech community is uniform with
  respect to some linguistic feature.
• Stage II Part of the community breaks off giving
  rise to communicative isolation between two parts
  of the community.

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Stages in dialect differentiation (2)

• Stage III Language change occurs in one part of
  the formerly uniform community that does not
  occur in the other part, giving rise to
  systematic differences between varieties spoken
  in the two parts, hence two different dialects.

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Modern dialects (2)

• Mod. Engl. Mod. Engl. (some dlcts) (other
  dlcts)
• farm fam
• farther fatha
• barn ban
• etc.

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Modern dialects (3)

• Mod. N. US Mod. S. US Engl. Engl.
• high ha
• pie pa
• ice as

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Stages in dialect differentiation (3)

• Stage IV Over time, the two (or more) dialects
  change independently of each other so much that
  they are no longer mutually intelligible that
  is, they become different (genetically-related)
  languages. Example the Romance languages and
  the Indo-European languages.

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The Romance languages

• Mod. French
• cher
• champ
• chandelle

• Mod. Italian, Spanish
• caro
• campo
• candela

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The Romance languages
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Indo-European languages

• Germanic (English)
• father
• foot
• fish
• few

• Romance (Spanish)
• padre
• pie
• pescado
• poco

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Indo-European languages
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Genetically-related languages

• Two languages are genetically related if they
  have the same ancestor language (i.e., if they
  have come from the same language). Examples
  (1) Spanish, Italian, and French are genetically
  related (all came from Latin) (2) Spanish,
  Italian, French, English, German are all
  genetically related (all came from Indo-European)

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Genetically-related languages vs dialects of the
same language

• Genetically-related languages
• are characteristic of groups (like dialects).
• differ systematically (like dialects).
• are not mutually intelligible (unlike dialects).

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Agenda

• 3. Videotape The Mother Tongue. Questions,
  Course Reader, pp. 155-157.