Nursing Informatics

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Nursing Informatics

• Unit 2 Electronic communication

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Electronic communications

• Why is electronic communications essential in
  health care?
• Communicating through email and through
  teleconferencing can enable research, education
  and clinical expertise.
• It brings relevant information to the health care
  professional and to the public.
• It can result in quick communication of
  information.
• It enables to access to various services which
  would not be available without connection.
• It continues to grow.

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The history of computing

• Late 1800s steam powered machines that transfer
  information onto punch cards
• 1918 A calculator that is based on binary
• 1940s With the onset of the Second World War,
  the Germans, British and Americans advanced the
  development of computers to exchange strategic
  information.
• 1945 Electronic calculator
• 1960s Computer scientist begin exploring ways
  to directly connect remote computers and their
  users.
• 1969 the U.S. government Department of Defense
  Advanced Research Agency (ARPA), funded a pilot
  network called ARPANET.
• The main goal of ARPANET was to conduct research
  and to develop a reliable network with
  researchers and universities.
• This goal was accomplished and the military began
  using the Internet in war.
• ARPANET quickly became popular and many
  universities wanted access to accommodate
  research activities and the growing desire to
  expand doors to numerous sites.

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The history of the Internet

• Early 1980s ARPANET established an IP (Internet
  Protocol) to interconnect research networks.
• The National Science Foundation then developed
  NSFNET.
• 1990 ARPANET was shut down and NSFNET now
  provides the backbone.
• In Canada, research networking began in the early
  1980s.
• Most of the larger universities began expensive
  multi-year projects to get connected.

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The development of the Internet

• In many countries, the backbone of the Internet
  in that country is funded by government
  organizations.
• In the U.S., the National Science Foundation
  provides this funding.
• In Canada, CAnet is the backbone of the
  Internet. It is run by CANARIE, Canadian Network
  for the Advancement of Research, Industry and
  Education).
• Although there is no specific governance of the
  Internet, the Internet is overseen by various
  groups and associations (ie. Internet Society,
  Internet Architecture Board).

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What is CANARIE?

• CANARIE Inc. - Canada's advanced Internet
  development organization - is a not-for-profit
  corporation supported by its members, project
  partners and the Federal Government.
• CANARIE's mission is to accelerate Canada's
  advanced Internet development and use by
  facilitating the widespread adoption of faster,
  more efficient networks and by enabling the next
  generation of advanced products, applications and
  services to run on them (CANARIE, 2004).
• CANARIE is dedicated to the research and
  implementation of advanced networks and
  applications that will stimulate economic growth
  and increase Canada's international
  competitiveness.

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What is CANARIE?

• CANARIE has already succeeded in enhancing
  Canadian Internet speeds by a factor of almost
  one million since its inception in 1993.
• CANARIE has also funded numerous advanced
  Internet applications projects, providing some
  500 companies with the opportunity to achieve
  business success through innovation.
• CANARIE also intends to act as a catalyst and
  partner with governments, industry and the
  research community to increase overall IT
  awareness, ensure continuing promotion of
  Canadian technological excellence and ultimately,
  foster long-term productivity and improvement of
  living standards.

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What is CANARIE and CAnet?

• The original CAnet was created in 1990 with
  support from the National Research Council. Its
  purpose was to provide Internet connectivity
  between universities and research organizations
  in Canada, with connections to similar networks
  in other countries. That initiative and the
  organizations that took part in it were the
  pioneers of the Internet in Canada.
• By supporting and building a Canadian backbone,
  Canadians were assured connectivity from coast to
  coast and to northern cities including
  Yellowknife and Whitehorse. For several years,
  CAnet was the only Internet backbone in Canada.
• CAnet II was launched officially on June 26th,
  1997, and immediately set the standard for
  advanced, next-generation networks around the
  world. It was and remains a virtual network.

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What is CANARIE and CAnet?

• As with the original CAnet, CAnet II connects
  to individual universities, government labs and
  research institutes.
• In February 1998, the federal government
  announced a 55 million commitment to CANARIE to
  build a national optical Internet network, CAnet
  3.
• CA net3 is 250 times the speed of the current
  CAnet II backbone and roughly 750,000 times the
  speed of the original CAnet.
• It represented the first Optical Internet.

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What is CANARIE and CAnet?

• In 1998, CANARIE deployed CAnet 3, the world's
  first national optical Internet research and
  education network.
• CAnet 3 was among the most advanced in the world
  when it was built, and its design has since been
  replicated by many network operators, both in the
  research and education as well as commercial
  domains.
• However, exponential growth in network traffic,
  expected growth in new high bandwidth
  applications, and planned extreme high bandwidth
  grid projects require that a new network be built
  to support leading-edge research in Canada.
• To this end, the Government of Canada committed
  110 million to CANARIE for the design,
  deployment, and operation of CAnet 4.

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CAnet 3 CAnet4

• CAnet 4, as did its predecessor CAnet 3,
  interconnects the provincial research networks,
  and through universities, research centres,
  government research laboratories, schools, and
  other eligible sites, both with each other and
  with international peer networks.
• Through a series of point-to-point optical
  wavelengths, CAnet 4 yields a total initial
  network capacity of between four and eight times
  that of CAnet 3.

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Broadband access technologies

• Satellite
• Terrestrial
• Optical Fiber
• Cable
• ADSL
• Wireless

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Connecting to the Internet

• A modem enables a computer to transmit
  information over a standard telephone line.
• A direct or dedicated connection wires a computer
  directly to the Internet through a router or a
  gateway. This type of connection is more
  expensive and usually is the method of connection
  for large organizations.
• A remote connection can be made by using
  anothers gateway.
• The most common way to connect to the Internet is
  by subscribing to an Internet Service Provider
  (ISP).

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Connecting to the Internet
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Accessing information on the Internet

• Common methods of accessing information on the
  Internet are
• Email electronic mail that allows sending and
  receiving of messages between computers across a
  network. Most useful tool due to speed of
  transfer.
• FTP file transfer protocol is a way of sharing
  files through a secured address. A user ID and
  password is required to send and receive.
• USENET newsgroups, online discussions that store
  messages and can been viewed by all. Comparable
  to a bulletin board.
• Listservs Email distribution list.
• Chat Rooms synchronous discussions, real-time

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Accessing information on the Internet

• WWW World Wide Web is the fastest growing part
  of the Internet. It is a computer based
  information resources connected together. Offers
  universal access to information. Although there
  is no clear map on using it, the web uses
  hypertext and hypermedia.
• Browser The web can be viewed using a browser
  which is an application used to access the Web
  and its functionality (Netscape, Internet
  Explorer).
• Intranet the internet allows users to read
  files, listen to music and view text from various
  locations, the intranet is an in-house
  communication network.

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Yesterdays Internet

• Thousands of users
• Remote login, file transfer
• Interconnect mainframe computers
• Applications capitalize on underlying technology

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Todays Internet

• Millions of users
• Web, email, low-quality audio video
• Interconnect personal computers and servers
• Applications adapt to underlying technology

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Tomorrows Internet

• Billions of users and devices
• Convergence of todays applications with
  multimedia (telephony, video-conference, HDTV)
• Interconnect personal computers, servers, and
  embedded computers
• New technologies enable unanticipated
  applications (and create new challenges)

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Some points to consider

• The Internet was not designed for
• Millions of users
• Congestion
• Multimedia
• Real time interaction
• But, only the Internet can
• Accommodate explosive growth
• Enable convergence of information, mass media,
  and human collaboration

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Some points to consider

• Only the Internet can
• Provide reliable end-to-end performance
• Encourage cooperation on new capabilities
• Allow testing of new technologies
• Support development of revolutionary applications

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What are the possibilities?
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What are the possibilities?

• Here is an example of a virtual space lab

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What are the possibilities?

• Here is an example of a telemedicine consultation

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What are the possibilities?

• Here is an example of a virtual classroom

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E Learning

• E Learning is a means of using technology to
  enhance learning.
• The characteristics of the teacher using
  technology is often described as the guide on
  the side or the facilitator.
• The students take an active role in acquiring,
  integrating, synthesizing and analyzing
  information.
• Technology can provide the mechanism for
  interactive learning and electronic
  communication.
• This can be done face-to-face or virtually!
• The use of technology supports adult learning
  theory and life-long learning.

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References

• Canadian Nurses Association. (2001). What is
  nursing informatics and why is it so important?
  Nursing Now, 11, Retrieved on August 20, 2004,
  http//www.cna-nurses.ca/_frames/issuestrends/issu
  estrendsframe.htm
• CANARIE . (2004). CANARIE. CAnet. Retrieved on
  September 2, 2004, http www.canarie.ca
• Royle, J. Blythe, J. (2003). Using information
  technology to enhance nursing practice A Study.
  Nursing Effectiveness, Utilization and Outcomes
  Research Unit. Retrieved on August 30, 2004,
  http//www-fhs.mcmaster.ca/nru/publications/factsh
  eets/UsingInfoTechnologytoEnhance.pdf
• Young, K. M. (2000). Informatics for healthcare
  professionals. Philadelphia F.A. Davis Company.
•