JavaScript, Fourth Edition

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JavaScript, Fourth Edition

• Chapter 9
• Managing State Information and Security

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Objectives

• Learn about state information
• Save state information with hidden form fields,
  query strings, and cookies
• Learn about security issues

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Understanding State Information

• State information
• Information about individual visits to a Web site
• HTTP was originally designed to be stateless
• Browsers stored no persistent data about site
  visits
• Reasons for maintaining state information
• Customize individual Web pages
• Temporarily store information for a user
• Allow a user to create bookmarks
• Provide shopping carts

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Understanding State Information (continued)

• Reasons for maintaining state information
• Store user IDs and passwords
• Use counters
• Example
• Frame-based Color Printer Product Registration
  Web page

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Understanding State Information (continued)
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Understanding State Information (continued)
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Saving State Information with Hidden Form Fields

• Hidden form field
• Special type of form element
• Not displayed by the Web browser
• Allows you to hide information from users
• Created with the ltinputgt element
• Temporarily store data that needs to be sent to a
  server along with the rest of a form
• But that a user does not need to see
• Syntax
• ltinput type"hidden"gt

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Saving State Information with Hidden Form Fields
(continued)
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Saving State Information with Hidden Form Fields
(continued)

• Example
• Add hidden form fields to the Color Printer
  Product Registration program
• Add code to the Customer Information document
  that copies its form field values to the hidden
  form fields in the top frame of the Color Printer
  Product Registration frameset
• Add code to the Product Information document that
  copies its form field values to the hidden form
  fields in the top frame of the Color Printer
  Product Registration frameset

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Saving State Information with Query Strings

• Query string
• Set of namevalue pairs appended to a target URL
• Consists of a single text string containing one
  or more pieces of information
• You can use a query string to pass information
  from one Web page to another

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Passing Data with a Query String

• Add a question mark (?) immediately after a URL
• Followed by the query string (in namevalue
  pairs) for the information you want to preserve
• You separate individual namevalue pairs within
  the query string using ampersands ()
• The passed query string is then assigned to the
  search property
• Of the target Web page Location object
• Example
• Modify the Color Printer Product Registration
  page to pass registration information as query
  strings

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Parsing Data from a Query String

• Remove the question mark
• Using the substring() method combined with the
  length property
• Convert the individual pieces of information into
  array elements
• Using the split() method
• Example
• Write your own parsing script that extracts and
  displays the data in the query string

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Parsing Data from a Query String (continued)
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Saving State Information with Cookies

• Query strings and hidden form fields maintain
  state information only temporarily
• Cookies
• Small pieces of information about a user that are
  stored by a Web server in text files
• On the users computer
• Each time the Web client visits a Web server
• Saved cookies are sent from the client to the
  server
• Temporary cookies
• Remain available only for current browser session

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Saving State Information with Cookies (continued)

• Persistent cookies
• Remain available beyond current browser session
• And are stored in a text file on a client
  computer
• Limitations on the use of cookies
• Server or domain can store a maximum of 20
  cookies
• Total cookies per browser cannot exceed 300
• Largest cookie size is 4 kilobytes

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Creating Cookies

• Use the cookie property of the Document object
• To create cookies in namevalue pairs
• The name attribute
• Only required parameter
• Specifies the cookies namevalue pair
• Cookies created with only the name attribute are
  temporary cookies
• Cookies cannot include semicolons or special
  characters
• You can use special characters in your cookies if
  you use encoding

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Creating Cookies (continued)

• The name attribute (continued)
• Encoding involves converting special characters
  in a text string
• To their corresponding hexadecimal ASCII value
• encodeURIComponent() function
• Used for encoding the individual parts of a URI
• Converts special characters in the individual
  parts of a URI to their corresponding hexadecimal
  ASCII value
• decodeURIComponent() function
• Counterpart of encodeURIComponent() function

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Creating Cookies (continued)

• The name attribute (continued)
• You should manually encode and decode cookies
• Example
• Modify the Customer Information form so its
  fields are saved in temporary cookies instead of
  in query strings
• The expires attribute
• Determines how long a cookie can remain on a
  client system before it is deleted
• Cookies created without this attribute are
  available for only the current browser session
• Be sure not to encode this attribute

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Creating Cookies (continued)

• The expires attribute (continued)
• You can manually type a string in UTC format
• Or you can create the string with the Date object
• Use the toUTCString() method to convert the Date
  object to a string
• Unused persistent cookies can sometimes interfere
  with the execution of a JavaScript cookie program
• Example
• Add to ProductInfo.html a persistent cookie named
  registered that is assigned a value of true when
  the user clicks the Submit button

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Creating Cookies (continued)

• The path attribute
• Determines the availability of a cookie to other
  Web pages on a server
• By default, a cookie is available to all Web
  pages in the same directory
• To make a cookie available to all directories on
  a server, use a slash
• Cookies from other programs that are stored in
  the same directory
• Can cause your JavaScript cookie program to run
  erratically

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Creating Cookies (continued)

• The domain attribute
• Used for sharing cookies across multiple servers
  in the same domain
• You cannot share cookies outside of a domain
• The secure attribute
• Indicates that a cookie can only be transmitted
  across a secure Internet connection
• Using HTTPS or another security protocol

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Reading Cookies

• Parsing a cookie
• Decode it using decodeURIComponent() function
• Use the methods of the String object to extract
  individual namevalue pairs
• Example
• Modify the code in ProductInfo.html so it does
  not refer to the query string
• Add code to the Register.html document that reads
  and prints the contents of the cookies from the
  CustomerInfo.html document

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Reading Cookies (continued)

• Example
• Modify CustomerInfo.html so it reads the
  persistent registered cookie to determine whether
  the user has already submitted the product
  registration

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Understanding Security Issues

• Discuss security issues that relate to Web
  browsers and JavaScript

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Secure Coding with JavaScript

• Security threats
• Viruses, worms, and data theft by hackers
• Consider both Web server security issues and
  secure coding issues
• Web server security technologies
• Firewalls
• Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
• JavaScript programs are downloaded and execute
  locally

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Secure Coding with JavaScript (continued)

• Secure coding or defensive coding
• Writing code to minimize any intentional or
  accidental security issues
• All code is insecure unless proven otherwise
• No magic formula for writing secure code

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JavaScript Security Concerns

• Security areas of most concern
• Protection of a Web page and JavaScript program
  against malicious tampering
• Privacy of individual client information
• Protection of the local file system of the client
  or Web site from theft or tampering
• Another security concern
• Privacy of individual client information in the
  Web browser window
• An important JavaScript security feature
• Its lack of certain types of functionality

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JavaScript Security Concerns (continued)

• Missing functionalities
• File manipulation
• Create a network connection
• Cannot run system commands or execute programs on
  a client

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The Same Origin Policy

• Same origin policy
• Restricts how JavaScript code in one window or
  frame accesses a Web page
• In another window or frame on a client computer
• To view and modify the elements in other windows
  and frames
• They must have the same protocol and exist on the
  same Web server
• Same origin policy applies not only to the domain
  name
• But also to server on which a document is located

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The Same Origin Policy (continued)

• Policy prevents malicious scripts from modifying
  the content of other windows and frames
• And prevents the theft of private browser
  information and information displayed on secure
  Web pages
• Policy also protects the integrity of the design
  of your Web page
• Example
• Create a frame set in which one frame uses
  JavaScript code to try to change the status bar
  text of another frame

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The Same Origin Policy (continued)

• domain property of the Document object
• Changes the origin of a document to its root
  domain name
• Allows documents from different origins in the
  same domain to access each others elements and
  properties

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Summary

• Information about individual visits to a Web site
  is called state information
• HTTP was originally designed to be stateless
• You can hide information from users in a hidden
  form field
• Most common tools for maintaining state
  information are hidden form fields, query
  strings, and cookies
• A query string is a set of namevalue pairs
  appended to a target URL

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Summary (continued)

• Cookies are small pieces of information about a
  user that are stored by a Web server
• Cookies can be temporary or persistent
• The cookie property is created with a required
  name attribute
• You can use special characters in your cookies if
  you use encoding
• The built-in encodeURIComponent() function
  encodes the individual parts of a URI

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Summary (continued)

• When you read a cookie or other text string
  encoded, you must first decode it with the
  decodeURIComponent() function
• Cookies are one continuous string that must be
  parsed
• Secure coding, or defensive coding, refers to
  writing of code to minimize any intentional or
  accidental security issues

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Summary (continued)

• The same origin policy restricts how JavaScript
  code in one window or frame accesses a Web page
  in another window or frame on a client computer.
• The domain property of the Document object
  changes the origin of a document to its root
  domain name using the statement document.domain
  domain