Sleep and Dreams

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Sleep and Dreams

• Consciousness state of awareness
• Altered state of consciousness not completely
  aware
• Sleep

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Stages of Sleep

• Stage I
• Lightest level of sleep
• Lasts up to 10 minutes
• Alpha waves (awake) replaced by Theta
  waves
• Stage II
• Eyes roll slowly from side to side
• Lasts about 30 minutes

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Stages of Sleep

• Stage III
• Large amplitude delta waves sweep brain every
  second or so
• Stage IV
• Deepest sleep
• Delta waves most of the time
• Enter REM (active) sleep

REM rapid eye movement
REM Sleep rapid eye movements, high level of
brain activity, deep relaxation, dreaming
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How Much Sleep is Enough?

• Newborns
• 16 Yr-Olds
• Students in Grad School
• Older Adults -

16 hours a day
10-11 hours a day
8 hours a day
As little as 5 hours a day
Circadian Rhythm biological clock regulates
physiological functions on a 24 hour cycle
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The Need for Sleep
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Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
• Failure to get enough sleep to feel rested
• Sleep Apnea
• Trouble breathing while sleeping
• snoring, blockage deprives sleeper of oxygen

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Sleep Disorders

• Narcolepsy
• Suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy
  during the day
• Nightmares/Night Terrors
• Unpleasant dreams
• Screaming, panic, or confusion in Level
  IV sleep

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Sleep Disorders

• Sleepwalking
• walking or carrying out behaviors while asleep
• Sleeptalking
• Talking (carrying on a conversation) while
  asleep

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Dreams

• Mental activity that occurs during sleep
• Most are in commonplace settings
• Emotions are usually negative In dreams
• Take place in real time

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Dream Interpretation

• Freud clues or thoughts the dreamer refuses
  to acknowledge while awake
• Inuit entrance to the spiritual world of the
  dead
• Modern scientists
• stimulation of certain brain cells in sleep
• problem-solving mechanism
• way of removing unneeded memories

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Power of Sleeping Brain
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Hypnosis

• Form of altered consciousness in which people
  become highly suggestible to changes in behavior
  and thought
• Focus attention on one tiny aspect of reality and
  ignore other inputs
• It is not sleep
• Involves mutual trust to succeed

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Uses for Hypnosis

• Posthypnotic Suggestion - Suggestion made during
  hypnosis that influences a persons behavior
  later
• Hypnotic Analgesia to reduce perception of pain
• Reveal problems
• Gain insight into your life

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Biofeedback

• Using machines to control physiological
  processes
• Heart rate
• Brain activity (EEG)
• Blood pressure
• Skin temperature
• Sweat-gland activity

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Meditation

• Focusing attention to clear the mind and produce
  relaxation
• Transcendental meditation repetition of a
  mantra (Sanskrit phrase)
• Mindfulness meditation focus on the present
  moment (Buddhist)
• Breath Meditation concentrate on breathing

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Drugs and Consciousness

• Psychoactive Drugs
• Interact with the nervous system to alter a
  persons mood, perception, and behavior
• Act as a neurotransmitter by telling a nerve cell
  whether or how to fire

2005
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Types of Drugs

• Marijuana
• Made from dried leaves of Indian hemp (cannabis
  sativa)
• Not physically addictive, but psychologically
  addictive
• Can amplify feelings (good or bad) and disrupts
  memory functions
• More damaging than cigarettes on lungs

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Types of Drugs

• Hallucinogens
• Main effect is to produce hallucinations
  (perceptions that have no direct external cause)
• LSD is most potent trip can last 6-12 hours

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Types of Drugs

• Opiates
• Produce pain reduction, euphoria (pleasurable
  state between wake and sleep), and constipation
• Can lead to physical addiction or even death
  (overdose)
• Examples opium, morphine, heroin

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Types of Drugs

• Alcohol
• Loosens inhibitions
• Seemingly a stimulant, but really a depressant
• Permanent brain or liver damage can result from
  prolonged heavy use

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Abuse/Treatment

• Abusers are
• Those who regularly use illegal drugs
• Those who excessively use legal drugs

• Treatment
• Must admit the problem
• Enter treatment program or get therapy
• Remain drug free

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War on Drugs Project

• In groups of 3-4 pick a card with a drug listed
• Make a poster in the War on Drugs to show the
  drugs effects and a slogan to encourage teens
  not to use the drug
• Present the poster and your pitch to the class

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Sensation

• In the next few seconds, something peculiar will
  start hap pening to the material youa rereading.
  Iti soft ennoter alized howcom plext heproces sof
  rea ding is.
• Sensation what occurs when a stimulus activates
  a receptor (sense organ)

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Sensation

• Perception organization of sensory information
  into meaningful experiences
• Psychophysics study of relationship between
  sensory experiences and the physical stimuli that
  cause them

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Sensation

• Absolute Threshold weakest amount of stimulus
  required to produce a sensation
• Vision seeing a candle flame 30 miles away on a
  clear night
• Hearing hearing a watch tick 20 feet away
• Taste tasting a teaspoon of sugar dissolved in
  2 gallons of water
• Smell smelling one drop of perfume in a 3 room
  house
• Touch - feeling a bees wing falling a distance
  of 1 centimeter onto your cheek

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Sensation

• Difference Threshold smallest change in
  physical stimulus that can be detected between
  two stimuli
• Webers Law the larger or stronger a stimulus,
  the larger change required for a person to notice
  that anything has happened to it

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Sensation

• Signal Detection Theory study of peoples
  tendency to recognize a stimulus against a
  background of competing stimuli

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Sensation

• Stroop Effect automatic processing acts as an
  interference

Try to name the colors of the words as fast as
you can
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The Senses

• Vision
• Pupil where light enters the eye
• Lens focuses light
• Retina coating on back of eye and contains
  light-sensitive receptor cells
• Optic nerve carries impulses from retina to
  brain

A person with color deficiency cannot see the
number
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The Senses

• Hearing
• Sound waves pass into the inner ear
• Tiny, hairlike cells change sound vibrations into
  neuronal signals which travel through the
  auditory nerve to the brain

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The Senses

• Balance
• Maintained by the vestibular system three
  semicircular canals located in inner ear and
  connected to the brain by a nerve

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The Senses

• Smell Taste
• Messages about smells enter brain through the
  olfactory nerve
• Taste (sour, salty, bitter, sweet) perceived by
  receptors in taste buds on the tongue

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The Senses

• Skin senses
• Receptors in skin perceive pressure, warmth,
  cold, and pain
• Pain sensations -- sharp, localized pain
• - dull, generalized pain

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The Senses

• Body senses
• Kinesthesis sense of movement and body position
• Works with vestibular and visual senses to
  maintain balance and posture

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Perception

• Principles of Perceptual Organization
• Gestalt organizing bits and pieces of
  information into meaningful wholes
• We fill the gaps in music, voices, sounds, objects

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Perception

• Principles of Perceptual Organization
• Figure-Ground Perception ability to
  discriminate between a figure and its background
• Visual shapes
• Hearing music, voices, a particular noise

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Perception

• Principles of Perceptual Organization
• Perceptual Inference we assume perceptions that
  are not based on sensory information
• Dog barking
• Road continues over a hill

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Perception

• Subliminal Perception
• Brief auditory or visual messages presented below
  the absolute threshold
• Used in marketing
• drink Coke, eat popcorn

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Perception

• Shape Constancy
• Tendency to perceive certain objects in the same
  way regardless of changing angle, distance or
  lighting

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Perception

• Illusions
• Incorrect perceptions

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Perception
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Perception

• Extra Sensory Perception (ESP)
• Ability to gain information by some means other
  than ordinary senses