Breaking the Compromise

1
The Future of Cars is Electric
Brian Randall Test and Validation Manager Tesla
Motors Ltd
2
Electric cars - the future?

• Why electric cars?
• Various alternative fuels compared
• Do electric cars have to be dull?
• Tesla Motors technology

3
Alternative Fuels
Ethanol
Fuel Cell
Biodiesel
Electric
4
Fuel Cells
Q How many miles will one unit of electricity
power a car?
H2 Fuel Cell Car
H2 Production
Electric Energy Storage Storage efficiency 25
(highly optimistic)
Electric Drive Motor
Electricity
Electrolysis 70 efficient
Compression 90 efficient
H2 Fuel Cell 40 efficient
1 MWh Electricity
1,295 miles
Battery Electric Car
Electric Energy Storage Storage efficiency 85
Electric Drive Motor
Electricity
Charger 92 efficient
Li Ion Battery 93 efficient
1 MWh Electricity
4,400 miles
5
Biomass
Q How many miles will one unit of biomass power
a car?
Ethanol Production
Ethanol ICE Car
Energy Conversion (highly optimistic) Biomass
efficiency 1920 miles / ton
IC Engine 40 miles per gallon
Enzymatic Ethanol Production 48 GGE / ton1
1 ton of biomass
1,920 miles
Electricity Production
Electric Car
Energy Conversion Biomass efficiency 4400 miles
/ ton
Electric car 4.4 miles / kWh
Gasification Combined Cycle Electric
Generation 1000 kWh / ton2
1 ton of biomass
4,400 miles
A An electric car will go twice as far as an
ethanol car
1. Iogen enzymatic process, gallons of gasoline
equivalent 2. Southern Company Services
6
Biodiesel
Q How many miles will one gallon of biodiesel
power a car?
Diesel Car
Energy Conversion efficiency 66 miles per gallon
Diesel Engine1 66 miles per gallon
1 gallon biodiesel
66 miles
Electricity Production
Electric Car
Energy Conversion efficiency 96 miles per
gallon
Electric car 4.4 miles per kWh
Diesel generator 21.9 kWh per gal2
1 gallon biodiesel
96 miles
A An electric car will go considerably further
than a diesel ICE car
1. VW Polo Blue Motion 2. e.g. Anguilla Electric
Company, 2001 average
7
Land usage
Q How many miles will one unit of land power a
car per year?
Cellulosic Ethanol Production
Ethanol ICE Car
Energy Conversion land efficiency 38,400 miles
per acre
IC Engine 40 miles per gallon
Enzymatic Ethanol Production 48 GGE / ton2
Miscanthus Farming 20 tons / acre per year1
1 acre of farmland
38k miles
Electricity Production
Electric Car
Energy Conversion Land efficiency 1,672,000
miles per acre
Electric car 4400 miles / MWh
Concentrating PV Installation 380 MWh / acre3 per
year
1 acre of desert land
1,672k miles
A An electric car will go 44 times as far as an
ethanol car
1. Vinod Khosla 2. Iogen enzymatic process,
gallons of gasoline equivalent 3. Pinnicle West
Capital Corporation
8
The Ideal Solution?
Q What area is required to offset 50 of miles
driven in the USA (2001)?
9
Performance Electric Cars
My observation is that most electric cars were
designed by and for people who fundamentally
dont think we should drive. This mentality has
lead to dozens of unappealing electric
punishment cars. Martin Eberhard - Founder,
Tesla Motors Inc
10
Performance Electric Cars
The Tesla Roadster
Torque against speed - Tesla Electric Motor vs
performance 4 cyl petrol engine
0-60 mph acceleration around 4 seconds Typical
driving range 230 mi. Well-to-wheel efficiency
gt160 mpg equivalent Charging infrastructure
existing electric service
11
Performance Electric Cars
High Performance
High Mileage
12
Tesla Motors Technology
Vehicle Architecture
ESS (battery pack)
PEM (Power Electronics Module)
Transmission
Motor
13
Tesla Motors Technology

• Energy Storage System (ESS)
• 6,831 standard 18650 Lithium-Ion cells
• Supplies 400V to motor, heating and air-con
  systems
• Unique pack design
• safety systems built in
• automatic protection against shock, immersion,
  fire
• No access to high voltage
• Cooling system for improved life

• Motor
• 3-phase, 4-pole AC motor - unique design
• 215 kW _at_ 7,000 rpm
• Max torque (350 Nm) at zero rpm, max speed 13,500
  rpm
• Weighs 50 kg

• Power Electronics Module (PEM)
• Integrated electronic control of all subsystems
• Controls motor, charging, regenerative braking
• Monitors voltages, motor speed, ESS and motor
  temperatures

• Transmission
• Single speed double reduction bespoke
  transmission
• Reverse? - reverse motor direction!

14
Battery technology
Its all about the batteries

• Lead-acid technology has stagnated
• Short lifespan
• Very heavy
• Short range

• Lithium ion chemistry changes the equation
• Quadruple the gravimetric energy density
• Six times the volumetric energy density
• Double the cycle life

• Radical idea use commodity lithium ion Cells
• Standardized cell size
• Many producers aroundthe world
• Relentless pressure on price
• Continuous pressure on capacity and quality

15
Li-Ion Battery Trends
Double the density in 10 years
¼ the price in 10 years
16
The Future

• The future of cars is electric
• No compromise between performance and efficiency
• Diversity of Energy Production
• Energy independence
• Reduction or elimination of CO2 emissions

The best way to predict the future is to invent
it Alan Kay