PreColumbian Europe

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Pre-Columbian Europe

• Ancient Times
• Middle Ages
• Renaissance
• Enlightenment
• Exploration

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Ancient Times

• In ancient times, people were fascinated by the
  stories of Atlantis and the mythical appeal of
  possible lands to the west.
• 400-500
• Towns developed on the coastlines and people
  began to fish the seas and trade
• St. Brendan, an Irish monk told stories of
  finding enchanted islands in the Atlantic
• 900s
• Vikings
• 984 Eric the Red in Greenland
• 990-992 Leif Ericson and group settled Vinland
  on Newfoundland

3
Middle Ages1000 1300s

• Advances in technology
• Social Contrasts
• The Crusades
• Marco Polo

4
The Renaissance andEnlightened Age of
Reason1400s

• This amazing age combined the courage of
  explorers with the genius of men like
  Michelangelo and DaVinci.
• It was a time of amazing changes. . .

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Political

• Strong rulers emerged
• Henry VII
• Louis XI
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Prince Henry, the Navigator

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• Centralized armies and navies
• Established justice system and courts
• Warfare with revenge or religious purposes

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Economic

• Increased trade with Muslim empires
• Expanded areas of fishing
• Poor land transportation made trade by sea
  important
• Division of land owned by nobles resulted in an
  increased value of land

8
Demographic

• Inequities
• 90 rural
• Short lifespans
• Undernourishment promoted disease
• Black Death of 1347 resulted in a drop in
  population thereby restoring a balance of people
  with resources
• Survivors benefitted with better wages, lower
  prices, and more land

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Social

• Migration to the cities
• Higher taxes by nobility and Church
• Resentment toward the establishment
• Increase in crime
• First reported homeless people

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Technology

• Compass from Muslim traders
• Gunpowder from China
• Moveable type
• School of Navigation in Portugal
• Quadrant
• Astrolabe
• Improved caravals
• Running the latitudes

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Age of ExplorationLate 1400s 1500s
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Portugal

• 1488 Bartolomeu Dias Cape of Good Hope
• 1498 Vasco de Gama around Africa to India
• Trade with Africansgold and slaves (before
  Columbus the Portuguese were buying over 1000
  slaves per year)

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Spanish Exploration

• Ferdinand and Isabellas Reconquista
• Canary Islands
• Columbus
• Pope issued Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

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Spanish Conquistadors

• 250,000 came to New World and back
• Encomienda system
• Settlements in Caribbean
• Hispaniola 1499
• Jamaica, Puerto Rico 1508
• Cuba 1511

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Conquistadors cont.

• 1513 Ponce de Leon Florida
• 1516 Vasco Nunez de Balboa Pacific Ocean
• 1519-22 Fernando Magellan/Juan Sebastian del
  Cano sailed around the world
• 1519 Hernando Cortez conquered Aztecs

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Spanish cont.

• 1524-33 Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Incas
• 1539-42 Hernando de Soto east side of
  Mississippi
• 1540-42 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado southwest
  and Grand Canyon
• 1540-41 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo California coast

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Results of Spanish Exploration

• Made Spain the richest, most powerful country in
  the world
• Local organization of governments
• Catholicism to natives
• Social structure based on wealth, color, and
  birthplace

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• Remnants of Spanish culture
• Flow of wealth into Europe
• Prevented Spain from developing own resources
• Genocide of American natives

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French

• 1524 Verrazano along Atlantic coast
• 1524-42 Jacques Cartier Labrador, Gulf of St.
  Lawrence, St. Lawrence River to present-day
  Montreal
• 1562-64 Jean Ribault settlements in present-day
  South Carolina
• 1608 Samuel de Champlain Quebec
• 1673-79 Marquette Great Lakes and Mississippi
  River Valley
• 1682 LaSalle Gulf of Mexico, New Orleans

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Dutch

• Privateers established small villages to use as
  centers of operations in order to plunder Spanish
  galleons
• Established fur trade in the Hudson River Valley

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English

• Fishing on the Grand Banks
• 1508-09 John and Sebastian Cabot sailed into
  Hudson Bay searching for northern passage
• Lost interest -- internal conflict in England
  created turmoil that lasted nearly two
  generations WHY????

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Turmoil in England

• Henry VIII needs an heir
• Act of Supremacy
• Confusion after Henry
• Problems faced by Elizabeth

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Henry Needs an Heir

• Catherine of Aragon
• Anne Boleyn
• Jane Seymour

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Act of Supremacy

• Created sense of King and Parliament working
  together
• Ended paying taxes to a foreign Pope
• Got rid of Cardinal Woolsey
• Seized Church property
• Lowered property taxes of noblesvested interest
• Bible printed in English

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After Henry VIII

• Edward VI 1547-1553
• Mary I (Bloody Mary) 1553-1558
• Elizabeth I 1558-1603

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Problems Faced by Elizabeth I

• Restore army and navy
• Establish religious tolerance
• Keep Spain as an ally against the French
• Keep the Dutch as trading partners
• Do something about Ireland
• Satisfy a growing interest in the New World
• Satisfy desire and need for more land
• Hold off Spanish desire for England to be
  Catholic once again
• Keep cousin Mary, of Scotland, from taking power

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• The English loved their Queen, supported the
  Church of England, hated the Catholics,
• and hated the Spanish.
• This became their NATIONAL IDENTITY.

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In the meantimewhats going on in Spain?

• Getting rich
• Philip II united Spain and Portugal
• Vowed to make England Catholic again
• Outraged at the seizure of Ireland
• Outraged at the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
• 1588 sent Spanish Armada to attack England

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Europe

• Eve of Colonization
• Reviewing the Basics

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Social

• Growth in population
• Need for new jobs and homes
• Primogeniture
• Threat to social order
• Rise in cities
• Rise in crime
• Religious upheaval

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Political

• Turmoil after Henry VIII
• Strength and power of Spain
• Need to maintain alliances
• Richard Hakluyt kept people interested in New
  World

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Economic

• Nobility needed more land to collect more taxes
• Need for sea route to the Orient
• Nobility gaining some spare money (joint stock
  companies)
• Basic end of feudal era

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What Made America Attractive

• Religious freedom
• Land
• Wealth
• Improved social position
• Escape
• Political discontent
• New resources
• Mercantilism
• Annoy Catholics and Spanish