The Beginning of the TwentiethCentury Crisis: War and Revolution

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The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis
War and Revolution
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2
Europe in 1914
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The Road to World War I

• Nationalism and Internal Dissent
• Rivalries over colonies
• Nationalism
• Socialist labor movements create fear nations on
  the eve of revolution
• Militarism
• Conscription
• Russia an army of 1.3 million
• France and Germany, 900,000
• Influence of military leaders
• Complex military plans
• Inflexibility of military plans

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World War I, 1914-1918
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The Outbreak of War Summer of 1914

• Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create
  a large, independent Slavic state in the Balkans
• Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and
  Sophia, June 28, 1914
• Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914
• Austrians see chance to stop Serbian
  nationalistic movements
• Germany promises support
• Russian mobilization
• Schlieffen Plan

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The Great War

• 1914-1915 Illusions and Stalemate
• Trench warfare
• Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
• First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
• Russian failures
• Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
• Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
• Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

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World War I, 1914 1918
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1916 1917 The Great Slaughter

• Trench warfare
• No mans land
• No plan for fighting a trench war
• Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed
• Horrors of trench warfare

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The Widening of the War

• Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on
  Ottomans
• Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
• Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the
  side of the Central Powers
• Italy enters the war, May 1915, against
  Austria-Hungary
• Middle East
• T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)
• Allies seize German colonies in Africa --
  Togoland, Cameroons, South West Africa, German
  East Africa, and Pacific
• Entry of the United States
• Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915
• German return to unrestricted submarine warfare
• United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
• Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

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The Home Front The Impact of Total War

• Extension of government power
• Politics
• Economics
• Internal dissent
• Defense of the Realm Act in Britain
• Propaganda
• New roles for women

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The Russian Revolution

• Problems of Tsar Nicholas II
• Military problems
• Influence of Rasputin
• Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917
• Led by women
• Demand Peace and bread
• Soldiers joined the strike
• Provisional government takes control
• Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)
• Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
• V.I. Lenin (1870-1824)
• Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7,
  1917
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918

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Civil War

• Communist (Red) Army
• Leon Trotsky
• White army
• How the Bolsheviks won
• Red Terror
• Chekka
• Allied invasion
• 100,000 troops

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The Last Year of the War

• Last German offensive, March - July, 1918
• Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne,
  July 18, 1918
• William II abdicated, November 9, 1918
• Armistice, November 11, 1918

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The Peace Settlement

• Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied
  nations
• Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points
• Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his
  nations security
• Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to punish
  Germany
• Agreement to create the League of Nations

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The Treaty of Versailles

• Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria,
  Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most
  important being the Treaty of Versailles with
  Germany
• Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919
• Article 231, War Guilt Clause
• Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy,
  eliminate the air force
• Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections
  of Prussia given to Poland
• Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

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The Other Peace Treaties

• Territorial changes in Europe
• Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears
• Germany and Russia lose territory
• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland,
  Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary
• As a result of compromises, virtually every
  eastern European state was left with a minorities
  problem
• Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire
• Mandates
• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while
  Britain received Iraq and Palestine

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Territorial Changes in Europeand the Middle East
after World War I
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The Futile Search for Stability

• Uneasy peace, uncertain security
• Weaknesses of the League of Nations
• Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921
• Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr
  valley
• Dawes Plan, August 1924
• Treaty of Locarno, 1925
• Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926
• Disarmament

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The Great Depression

• Two events set the stage for the depression
• Problems in domestic economies
• International financial crisis
• Problems of the 1920s
• Crash of the American stock market, October 1929
• Worldwide problems
• High unemployment
• Bank failures
• Governments relied on
• Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising
  tariffs
• Increased involvement of the government into
  economics
• Renewed interest in Marxist principles

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The Democratic States

• Britain
• John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
• Keynes argued for putting people to work
• Called for deficit spending
• France
• Governmental problems
• Popular Front
• Germany
• Weimar Republic
• Runaway inflation, 1922-1923
• Prosperity from 1924-1929
• United States
• New Deal
• Works Progress Administration (WPA)
• Social reforms

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Socialism in Soviet Russia

• Problems facing Russia after the Civil War
• New Economic Policy (NEP)
• Modified capitalism
• The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)
• Womens rights and social welfare
• Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power
• The Politburo
• Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
• Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival
• By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and
  seized power

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In Pursuit of a New Reality Cultural and
Intellectual Trends

• Breakdown of middle-class values
• Nightmares and New Visions
• Abstract painting
• Dadaism
• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945)
• Surrealism
• Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)
• Probing the Unconscious
• James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses
• Hermann Hesse (1877-1962)
• Mass entertainment

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Discussion Questions

• What role did new technology play in World War I?
• Why role did Europes African and Asian colonies
  play in the conflict?
• How did military setbacks contribute to the
  outbreak of the Russian Revolution?
• What were the objectives of the major powers at
  the Versailles peace conference?
• How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia,
  and the United States respond to the challenges
  presented by the Great Depression?