Human

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Human
Trafficking
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What is Human Trafficking?

• Illegal transportation of people for forced
  labour, sex exploitation, forced marriages
• Distinct difference between people smuggling
  and human trafficking
• Over one million people trafficked annually
• Major profits for both individual traffickers and
  organised criminal groups (Triads, Mafia, Yakuza)
  who mislead/deceive victims fake advertisements,
  mail-order catalogues etc.
• Traffickers use blackmail, abuse, and threats to
  force victims to comply with their wishes in the
  destination country
• Very often, cases go unreported
• Usually caused by poverty/lack of economic
  opportunities, especially for women and children,
  and a demand for certain services in the
  destination country

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The who and the what

• Who is targeted by traffickers?
• mainly women and children
• Why are these people targeted by traffickers?
• Generally poorer and own less property
• Less well educated and more prone to the tricks
  of traffickers
• What happens to these people?
• Victims have their passports removed and
  destroyed
• Themselves or families threatened
• Bonded by debt
• Arranged marriages
• Slave labour

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Where does trafficking take place?
Trafficking is a global issue.
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Which human rights are being broken?
4.  Nobody has the right to treat you as his her
slave and you should not make anyone your slave.
3.  You have the right to live, and to live in
freedom and safety.

• .
• . 5.
• . 7. 8.

13. 16.
23.  You have the right to work, to be free to
choose your work, to get a salary which allows
you to support your family. If a man and a woman
do the same work, they should get the same pay.
All people who work have the right to join
together to defend their interests.
12.  You have the right to ask to be protected if
someone tries to harm your good name, enter your
house, open your letters, or bother you or your
family without a good reason.
24. 26.
16. Nobody should force a person to marry.
30.
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Trafficking in Hong Kong

• HK is a destination for trafficking victims from
  China, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia
• Also a transit country
• Asia ? Australia
• HK is comparatively wealthy Mainland Chinese
  women lured by potentially lucrative jobs in HK
  send money home to their families. Organised
  crime units bring women here.
• Victims usually forced to work in bars or as
  domestic labourers

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Types of forced labour in HK

• Working in bars
• Thai and Filipina women are forced to work as bar
  hostesses
• Imprisoned in apartments during daytime
• Forced to work at night
• In countries of origin told they will work as
  entertainers they end up working as
  prostitutes
• Working as domestic labourers
• Corrupt employment agencies charge victims
  illegally high prices for placement, hold
  passports, and target women who dont speak
  English
• Agencies recruit abroad once the women arrive,
  they find the terms of employment do not fulfill
  HKs domestic labour laws
• Sometimes, employers work with recruitment
  agencies agree to pay less than the minimum wage
  for imported workers (currently around
  3680/month), charge fees, observe long working
  hours, take passports

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How is HK dealing with trafficking?

• Tier 1 of the 2003 United States State Department
  Trafficking in Persons Report
• the Government of Hong Kong fully complies with
  the minimum standards for the elimination of
  trafficking. Hong Kong authorities implement
  anti-trafficking measures in the context of
  combating migrant smuggling. The government
  carries out effective border and immigration
  controls, information campaigns designed to
  educate shipping industry officials about
  smuggling patterns, and has a tight web of
  criminal ordinances designed to punish
  traffickers.
• Combat illegal prostitution by nonresidents via
  immigration controls and arrests 6296 arrests
  made Jan-Aug 2005 prostitution-related
  traffickers can be jailed for 14 years.

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Trafficking in Cambodia

• Trafficking is such a big problem in Cambodia due
  to its extreme poverty and increased trading
  between its neighbours.

Two to three thousand are being trafficked
through Cambodia for the sex industry alone.
Hong Kong Malaysia Thailand
Vietnam
CAMBODIA
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• How do the traffickers acquire their victims?
• lure of legitimate employment
• links with the family
• poor parents selling their children to pay debts
• individuals as well as large organised criminal
  networks
• corrupt employment agencies

• What happens to these people?
• the sex trade many of these are children,
  mainly Vietnamese girls
• incapacitated forced to beg for gangs, many of
  these are Cambodian boys and girls in Bangkok
• Sweatshop workers
• Adoption by foreigners

CAMBOD I A

• Why dont these people help themselves?
• they are ashamed
• fear the threats of their bosses
• feel bound by debt
• fear of eviction since they are illegal
  immigrants
• they do not speak the language of their
  destination country

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What is Cambodia doing to help?

• The Cambodia government recognises the problem of
  human trafficking but resources to deal with the
  issue are limited.
• They have implemented stricter law enforcement
  and put pressure on officials to stay out of
  trafficking circles
• They are discussing the problem with its
  neighbours.

What is happening now?

• Law on the Suppression of the Kidnapping,
  Trafficking, and Exploitation of Human Beings
• Victims receive financial compensation
• Still nothing to protect victims from illegal
  immigration laws

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Camel Racing

• What is happening?
• Children from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sudan, an
  estimated 40 000, are being trafficked to the
  United Arab Emirates to work as camel jockeys in
  the popular Bedouin sport
• These children are starved to keep them small and
  light for racing many are injured and dozens are
  killed each year when the camels stampede
  because they are illegal immigrants, their owners
  never take them to hospital leaving many children
  permanently handicapped.
• Many are sexually abused. They are lonely and
  overworked.
• The UN have threatened to ban the sport but it is
  too popular with the local Arabs.
• Children as young as two are
  abducted or sold by their
  families
  to traffickers.

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Camel Racing

• What is being done to help?
• In an agreement between UNICEF and the UAE it is
  illegal for race clubs to use jockeys younger
  than 15 or weighing less than 45 kilos.
• New centers have been set up to rehabilitate
  jockeys. They provide education and healthcare
  for the children. Many children have to be taught
  how to use cupboards and sleep on beds. US 2.7
  million has been pledged to integrating jockeys
  back into society by UNICEF and UAE.
• Authorities are trying to reunite the jockeys
  with their families. This is difficult since many
  dont remember their families or where they
  lived. DNA testing is used in some cases.
• The Middle Eastern Gulf state of Qatar is
  developing robot jockeys to replace the heavily
  criticised use of children

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What has the UN done?

• 1998 Argentina proposed a convention against
  trafficking in minors
• Member States agreed to expand this to all
  victims, especially concerned by the growing
  involvement of organised criminal groups
• Member States decided to draw on the Protocol to
  the UN Convention against Transnational Organised
  Crime
• Adopted in November 2000
• Three purposes of the Protocol
• To prevent and combat trafficking in persons,
  paying particular attention to women and
  children To protect and assist victims of
  trafficking, with full respect for their human
  rights and to promote cooperation among States
  in order to meet these objectives.

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The UN continued

• Member States
• have an obligation to criminalise trafficking
• will see to the creation of penalties that take
  into account the grave nature of these offences
• will investigate, prosecute and convict
  traffickers
• In terms of law enforcement
• Member States will exchange info train their
  police and courts in prevention, investigation,
  and human rights take border measures
• In terms of victim protection
• Member States will ensure privacy, safety,
  information on proceedings and safe repatriation
• In countries of origin
• The UN will incorporate social and economic
  campaigns and education