The Great War

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The Great War
Its not our differences that divide us. It is
our inability to recognize, accept, celebrate
those differences. Amen!
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Background of the European Conflict
The history of Europe is about conquest and
dominance. Competition to be 1 meant control of
lands beyond the motherland.
EXPANSION POWER The competition to acquire
land resulted in cultural conflicts. Racial and
ethnic!
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The Trigger

• Big Idea In 1914 WWI or The Great War broke
  out. As most of Europe got into the war, the
  U.S.'s goal was to be NEUTRAL
• What was the trigger event?
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
  Heir to A-H empire
• When June 28, 1914
• Where Sarajevo in Bosnia
• Why Bosnians were upset with A-H rulings.
  Many Serbs live in Bosnia. A Serb
  nationalist was the assassin.

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Causes of the Great WarBackground

• M. A. I. N.
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism (rivalry)
• Nationalism

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Militarism

• When imperialist nations created an arms race to
  defend their holdings and possibly gain or regain
  territory.
• The belief that building up your army and navy
  will allow you to become
• KING OF THE HILL

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Alliances

• Secret pacts or agreements among
• nations created a balance of power
• My homies vs your homies?
• Nations thought alliances might help them be
  safer from the bad guys.

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Imperialism

• European powers compete with each
• other for raw materials and colonies.
• (Natures gifts land control)

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Nationalism

• Some nations wanted lands only to benefit their
  country.
• Other nations wanted to gain national
  independence from BIG countries that had taken
  over their culture (Czechs, Poles).
• Extreme love for one's country and willing to
  fight for independence

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The Major European AlliancesThe Teams

• Allies
• France, Russia, Great Britain, Serbia
• vs
• Central Powers
• Germany, A-H, Italy

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The U.S chooses isolationism

• Isolationism
• (Staying in your own back yard)
• vs
• Imperialism
• (Going after something from a neighbours
  backyard)

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The Trigger Event in 1914

• The Assassination of the heir to the
• throne of Bosnia
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• and his wife
• July 28, 1914.

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The Trigger!

• Bosnia is the focus of a conflict between Serbia
  and Austria Hungary.
• Austria-Hungary blamed Bosnia for the
  assassination. They made demands.
• Serbia disobeyed. A-H sent in troops. On July 28
  war broke out!
• Russia, sharing a common heritage with the Serbs
  (nationalism) and opposing further Austrian
  expansion (imperialism), declared war on A-H.
• Germany, supported its neighbor nation
  (nationalism, alliances) declared war on Russia.

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continued

• Germany knew about the alliance of Russia and
  France, so they declared war on France too.
• In order to get to France, Germany invaded
  Belgium. (Belgium was allied with Britain), so
  Britain declared war on Germany.
• A chain reaction and then
• whala. A world war has begin!

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From a Trigger to Dominoes

• Within 48 hours many European nations aligned
• themselves with the Central Powers or
• the Allies. Why? to protect their interests.
• Those who did not take sides
• tried to remain neutral.
• begins.

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Expanding the Conflict

• Russia, as Serbias protector, began
  mobilization, or the readying of troops for war.
• France, Russias ally, and Germany,
  Austria-Hungarys ally, also began mobilization.
• Germany, located between France and Russia,
  wanted to conquer France quickly to avoid the
  need to fight on two fronts.

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Stalemate

• By September 1914, the war had reached a
  stalemate, a situation in which neither side is
  able to gain an advantage.
• When a French and British force stopped a German
  advance near Paris, both sides holed up in
  trenches separated by an empty no mans land.
  Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of
  human casualties.
• Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to
  gain an advantage.

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Modern Warfare

• Machine guns
• Hand grenades
• Artillery shells (Howitzer)
• Poison gas killed thousands of
• soldiers who left their trenches
• to attack the enemy.

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Instruments of Destruction
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What was Americas reaction to the war?

• Many Americans were European
• immigrants or the children of European
• immigrants. They felt personally involved
• in the escalating war. Although some had
• sympathies for the
• Central Powers Germany, A-H, Italy o
• most Americans sided with the
• Allies
• France, Russia, Great Britain

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Our Feelings

• Support for the Allies was partially caused by
  Germanys rule by an autocrat, a ruler with
  unlimited power. Like a dictator!
• In addition, anti-German propaganda, or
  information intended to sway public opinion,
  turned many Americans against the Central Powers.

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Americas 3 Sides

• Wilson's Official Position
• 1. To protect American investments overseas ,
  President Wilson officially proclaimed the
  
• United States a neutral country on August 4,
  
• 1914.
• 2. Preparedness movement- getting ready to help
  when the time came.
• 3. Peace movement began by the progressives,
• populists, women and some Republicans.

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Essential Questions

• What were the MAIN causes of the war?
•  
•   Militarism
• Alliances
• Imperialism (rivalry)
• Nationalism
•  
•  

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2. How did the conflict expand to draw in
most of Europe?

• Bosnia was the focus of a conflict between
  Austria - Hungary and Serbia.
• Austria - Hungary was convinced that Serbia was
• behind the Archdukes assassination
• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July
  28, 1914.
• Russia, as Serbias protector, began
  mobilization, or the readying of troops for war.

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• France, Russias ally, and Germany, Austria-
• Hungarys ally, also began mobilization.
• Germany, located between France and Russia,
  wanted to conquer France quickly to avoid the
  need to fight on two fronts. To get to France,
  German forces had to pass through neutral
  Belgium the invasion of Belgium brought Britain
  into the conflict as well.
• One week after the war started, all the great
  powers of Europe had been drawn into it. Germany
  and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers,
  while Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain
  were called the Allies.

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3. In what ways did the United States respond
to the war in Europe?

• Support for the Allies was partially caused by
• Germanys rule by an autocrat, a ruler with
  unlimited
• power. In addition, anti-German propaganda, or
• information intended to sway public opinion,
  turned many
• Americans against the Central Powers.
• To protect American investments overseas ,
  President
• Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a
  
• neutral country on August 4, 1914.

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The War at Sea Section 2

• Essential Questions
• 1. How did the use of submarines affect the war?
• 2. What moves did the U.S. take towards war in
  early 1917?

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The War at Sea

• To break the stalemate, Germany launches its
  Unterseeboot or U boat. This new weapon changed
  the rules of fighting on the high seas.
• Britain's plan search all ships and cut off
  supplies to Germany
• When the British cut the transatlantic cable,
  which connected Germany and the United States,
  only news with a pro-Allied bias was able to
  reach America. American public opinion was
  therefore swayed against Germanys U-boat
  tactics.
• Germany's plan To prevent munitions food from
  reaching Britain. Starve em! At first, the U
  boats warned the merchant ships about to be sunk.
  They declared a war zone around the British
  Isles. Neutral ships travel at your own risk
• Britian's Response Britain arms its merchant
  ships to fire on U boats.
• Germany's reaction Sink em w/out warning.
  British boats were like sitting ducks. ¼ the
  British fleet was sunk.

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Subs Threaten American trade

• America was neutral and tried to be an
  isolationist country.
• Wilson was patient with the wars turn of events
  and urged Germany to honor the rules of
  international law.
• 1. Warn ships before sinking
• 2. Obligated to take on surviving passengers
• America sold arms, ammunition and food to both
• sides.
• Why? Because we were neutral! in it,
  right?

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Events that bring theUnited States into the War

• 1. The Lusitania a US luxury ship is sunk w/out a
  warning on May 1, 1915. (it was carrying
  weapons) 123 American dead.
• 2. Wilson makes demands on Germany
• make an apology Germany says ok.
• pay damages Germany says ok
• stop using subs Germany says no way!
• 3. Wilson sees the writing on the wall and begins
  a slow military build up. Congress is NOT
  supportive!
• 4. The Sussex a French passenger ship is sunk!
  Americans die.

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The United States Goes to War (cont'd)

• 5. Public opinion is more Anti German and Wilson
  threatens to end diplomatic ties.
• Germany agrees to the Sussex Pledge- won't sink
  merchant ships w/out warning.
• 6. Significance work for peace but prepare for
  war. Congress sees the future. Wilson re-elected
  in 1916 w/ the slogan
• He kept us out of war.
• 7. Jan 1917 Germany ends the Sussex promise.
• Diplomatic ties end. Practice armed
  neutrality.
• 8. The Zimmerman note is sent to Mexico. The
  German foreign secretary send a note to Mexico
  making promises if they side w/ Germany

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The United States Goes to War (cont'd)

• 9. The note was made public. What do you think
  happened?
• America got really .
• 10. Meanwhile in Russia, there a revolution. Czar
  Nicholas is gonzo and a democracy/republic is now
  in charge. Russia becomes our ally!
• April 2, 1917 Wilson asks Congress for a
  declaration of war.
• April 6, 1917 Congress approves the declaration.
• The world must be made safe for democracy.
  Wilson

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Events that led the US to war! Reminder
Sussex Pledge
Zimmerman Note
Russian Revolution
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Essential Questions

• 1. How did the use of submarines affect the war?
• U-boats broke the stalemate and gave Germany the
  advantage
• It created anti-German feelings in the U.S.
• Breaking of the Sussex pledge cause the U.S. to
  break diplomatic ties w/ Germany

• 2. What moves did the U.S. take towards war in
  early 1917?
• Jan 1917 Germany ends the Sussex pledge.
  Diplomatic ties end. We practice armed
  neutrality.
• April 2, 1917 after the Zimmerman note became
  public, Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of
  war.
• April 6, 1917 Congress approves the declaration.
• The world must be made safe for democracy.
  Wilson

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America in Europe Section 3

• Key Questions
• How did the United States get ready to fight this
  war?
• How did our troops help turn the tide of war?
• What were the conditions like in Europe at the
  end of the war?

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How did the U S prepare for War?
Building an Army
Training for War
The Convoy System
Selective Service Act
New recruits were trained in camps
Convoys- unarmed ships surrounded by armed
ships
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• The Allies needed troops but Wilson hesitated to
  send in troops. The United States lacked a large
  and available military force. Our preparedness
  movement wasnt prepared.
• Instead Wilson sent arms, supplies and allowed
  loans to the Allies
• General John J Pershing went to Europe with a
  small regiment but realized he needed mega men!
• The Selective Service Act of 1917 is passed
  drafting men
• National Guard
• Volunteers
• --------------------------
• The AEF

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The Training

• How do you turn draftees into soldiers?
• Basic Training.
• What did it consist of?
• Learning how to use a bayonet and rifle, dig a
  trench,
• put on a gas mask and throw a grenade.
• Training often got cut short because we needed
  fighting
• men even if they were unprepared.

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The Convoy System

• In April of 1917 the U-boats sunk over 400 Allied
  
• ships.
• Beginning in May 1917 all merchant and troop
  ships
• went by convoys .
• They were successful for the most part.

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American Soldiers In Europe

• Members of the AEF were called
  
• doughboys. Why?
• More than 300,000 African American soldiers
• who were drafted or volunteered served in
• segregated units.
• The 369th Infantry or the Harlem Hell Fighters
  got
• frustrated and went on loan to the French...

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Turning the Tide of War

• New methods of military transportation, including
  
• tanks, airplanes, and German zeppelins, or
  floating
• airships, influenced the manner in which the war
  
• was fought.

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Time Line of Key Events On Land

• The Balance Shifts
• (Nov 1917) The Bolsheviks take over Russia under
  Lenin.
• (March 1918) Germany and Russia sign a truce
  pact.
• Now Germany was only fighting a one
  front war.
• (March 1918) The Germans break thought the Allied
  lines
• for the first time since 1914.
• The Germans pound the French and British
  lines
• hoping to capture Paris
  
• Spring 1918 Influenza epidemic took the lives
  of
• about 30 million world wide!

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Time Line of Key Events

• The Balance Shifts on Land
• May 1918 America to the rescue!
• June 1918 Belleau Wood Chateau Thierry were
  ours but
• with heavy losses. Turning point in the war
• July 1918 Massive offensive and counter offensive
  at the Marne River by Germany the Allied
  troops.
• Aug 1918 Our tanks arrive w/ many troops and
  we break the German
  lines. The war was almost over.
• Sept 1918 American forces under Pershing at St
  Mihiel
• oust the German forces there.
• Our last offensive the Meuse
  Argonne's Offensive send the Germans into a
  retreat

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Time Line of Key Events By Air

• The U S had primitive planes compared to the
  zepplins.
• American planes went on scouting missions, had
  direct
• combat w/ enemy planes and performed bombing
  raids,
• Eddy Rickenbacker was an ace.

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The War Comes to a Close

• 1. As Germany gets hammered from every which way,
  they see no way out. Kaiser Wilhelm flees to
  Holland.
• 2. Countries who Allied w/ Germany surrender.
• 3. The German naval forces give up
• November 18, 1918 Armistice signed.

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Effects / Results of WW I

• 1. Dead and Wounded
• 8 million total 5000 a day!!!
• Many more had lost limbs or been blinded by
  poison gas. However, the efforts of the Red
  Cross and other agencies had helped save many
  lives.
• 2. Loss of Young Men
• Many sensed that the war had destroyed an entire
  generation of young men and grieved for the loss
  of their talents and abilities.

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• 3. Genocide
• In an act of genocide, or organized killing of
  an entire people, the Ottoman Empire had murdered
  hundreds of thousands of Armenians suspected of
  disloyalty to the government.
• 4. The United States emerges as a world power

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Section 4 Paying for the War

• 1.What steps did the government take to finance
  the war
• and manage the economy?
• 2. How did the government enforce loyalty to keep
  support for the war effort?
• 3. How did the war change the lives of Americans
  on the home front?

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America on the Homefront

• How did the United
• States pay for the war?
• 1. Liberty bonds
• 2. Rationing and price
• controls
• 3. Creation of the
• War Industries Board
• 4. Daylight Savings time

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• Modern warfare required huge amounts of money and
  personnel.
• Many sacrifices within the United States were
  needed to meet these demands.
• The government raised money for the war in part
  by selling Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to
  support the Allied cause.
• Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for
  their original value plus interest.
• Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds,
  raising more than 20 billion for the war effort.

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• United States entry into the war caused many
  industries to switch from commercial to military
  production. A newly created War Industries Board
  oversaw this production. New labor-related
  agencies helped ensure that labor disputes did
  not disrupt the war effort.
• Using the slogan, Food will win the war,
  Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration
  and future President, began to manage how much
  food people bought.
• Although he had the power to impose price
  controls, a system of pricing determined by the
  government, and rationing, or distributing goods
  to customers in a fixed amount, Hoover preferred
  to rely on voluntary restraint and increased
  efficiency.
• Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel
  use and increase the number of daylight hours
  available for work. This involved turning clocks
  back one hour for the summer, creating one more
  hour of daylight.

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Enforcing Loyalty

• 1. Fear of Foreigners
• Xenophobia fear of foreigners caused widespread
  panic/paranoia in America.
• 2. Hate the Hun
• Americans began calling the Germans the Huns
  which refers to a group of people who brutally
  invaded Europe in the 4th and 5th century.
• Americans changed the name of the measles and
  the hamburger
• Censorship of any/all German stuff began!

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Enforcing Loyalty 2

• 3. Repression of Civil Liberties Congress
  passes
• Espionage Act 1917 Restricted the
• Sedition Act of 1917 1st Amendment
• Despite Wilsons claim that the United States
  fought for liberty and democracy, freedom of
  speech was reduced during the war. Sedition, or
  any speech or action that encourages rebellion,
  became a crime.
• 4. Political radicals
• Vigilantes made up of Socialists were anti war
  and
• rebelled mostly in the labor arena.

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Women and Minorities in WW I

• Immigration from Europe slowed during the war.
• Women and minorities were needed in the workforce
• Demand Workers
• Factory owners recruited for profit despite years
  of
• discrimination before the war began!

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Achieving Peace Section 5

• 1. What was Wilson's 14 Points?
• 2. Why did France and Germany demand reparations?
• 3. How did the U S make Peace w/ Germany

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Achieving Peace Section 5

• Wilson's Fourteen Points was a Plan for Peace.
• Major concepts
• 1. End secret treaties
• 2. Eliminate trade barriers
• 3. Allow self determination
• 4. Reduce armed forces

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Achieving Peace Section 5

• Wilson's Fourteen Points was not well received.
• Many nations wanted the spoils of war.
• The BIG FOUR Britain, France, Italy wanted to
  make
• Germany the scapegoat! They wanted reparations.
• Wilson wanted the League of Nations.
• A tug of war begins

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Achieving Peace Section 5

• Germany is blamed totally!
• 1. Germany's land empire is cut into chunks to
  please the victors.
• 2. Germany is forced to repay 33 billion for war
  
• damages.
• 3. The German military is downsized big time.
• These conditions will be the reasons
• Hitler rises to power in 10 or so years.

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Achieving Peace Section 5

• On May 7 1919 the Versailles Treaty was signed
  near Paris.
• Congress rejected the treaty saying it threated
  the Monroe Doctrine and our independence.
• As the troops return, America has a hard time
  adjusting to peace time daily life. Every one was
  affected