Companion animals

1
Companion animals????
CAW module (??) 26-27
2
Benefits of owning a dog
???????

• Companionship ????
• Reduced stress ????
• Increased life span of owner??
• Child development ???????
• Work and entertainment ????
• Assistance dogs ??(?AAA)
• Pets in therapy ??(?AAT)
• Pets in criminal rehabilitation programmes
  ???????

module (??) 26
3
Problems associated with stray dogs (and cats)
??????

• Direct physical injury to humans, their pets or
  livestock ??,??,???????
• Indirect injury as a result of road traffic
  accidents ???????????
• Reservoir of disease to humans and their pets
  ???????????
• Pollution from faeces, urine, etc. ????
• General nuisance e.g. noise ???

module (??) 26
4
The Five Freedoms ????

• ???????????
• Freedom from hunger and thirst ?????
  ??
• Freedom from discomfort
• Freedom from pain, injury and disease ?,?,?,
• Freedom from fear and distress ?????
• Freedom to express natural behaviour ??????

?????????
module (??) 26
5
Responsible pet ownership????(??????????125?????
??)

• Ensure the needs of the pet are provided for
  Five Freedoms ????????
• Reduce the risk of injury or disease to
  humans?????
• Reduce the risk of injury or disease to other
  animals?????????????????
• Reduce the risk of pollution/ nuisance to
  society??????????????

?????????????
module (??) 26
6
Added pressure in rabies endemic areas ????????
???????? ??

• Loss of human and animal life ??????
• Fear of the disease ????
• Cost/availability of vaccination ???????
• Cost/availability of post exposure therapy (PET)
• ????????

?? ????????????????
module (??) 26
7
Rabies vaccination in owned and stray
dogs??????????????

• Stray dog control programmes cannot be considered
  in isolation of rabies control ???????????????
• 100 vaccination not essential ??100??????????(70
  -75?????)
• Owned dogs linked to registration ?????????
  (?????????)
• Injectable vaccine most cost- effective
• Oral baits possible in some cases could be
  combined with worming ?????????????

??????
module (??) 26
8
Welfare considerations for stray animals
??????????
??????

• Possible relative lack of food and water ??????
• Exposure to parasitic and infectious
  disease?????????????
• Exposure to injury ??????????
• Exposure to fear and stress ???????????

module (??) 26
9
Common response of municipalities mass
slaughter ???????---????

• Often inhumane methods ???????
• Promotes inhumanity as the norm ??????????
• Indiscriminate ????????
• Risks to pets and humans
• ??????????
• Alienates sections of
• society ??????
• Ignores some stakeholders
• ?????????????
• Ineffective ????????

module (??) 26
10
Mass slaughter why is it ineffective?????????

• The population density that a particular
  environment can sustain is related to the
  availability of food ????????????
• Killing large numbers of dogs will improve the
  food availability of the survivors leading to
  increased fertility and survival
• ?????????????????, ?????????
• It will also stimulate inward migration
• ?????????????????

module (??) 26
11
The stray dog population could consist of the
following ?????

• Owned dogs that have been accidentally lost ????,
  
• Owned dogs that are allowed to roam freely ??????
• Owned dogs that have been abandoned????
• Community dogs ????
• Feral dogs ??

???????????
module (??) 26
12
Community dogs, India ??????
Community dogs, Nepal???????
Semi-feral dogs, India ??????
module (??) 26
13
Population studies An essential element
??????????

• The protocol selected will be influenced by the
  make up of the population?????????
• Estimate of population essential before programme
  started ?????????????
• Monitor performance by repeated surveys
• ???????????????
• Methodology must be standardised to allow
  comparison of results ????????????????

module (??) 26
14
Garbage collection?????

• Availability of food determines the population
  size ????????
• Poor hygiene of slaughter houses, butchers, and
  food outlets is an added public health risk
  ??????????????????????
• Private contractors may be more effective though
  more expensive ????????

Cows eating garbage, India ??????
Stray dog eating a cow carcass, India ??????
module (??) 26
15
Neutering of owned animals ??????

• Aspect of responsible pet ownership ???????????
• May be owner reluctance especially with males
  ??????
• Veterinarians need to educate owners of benefits
  ?????????
• Neutering campaigns long term aim to encourage
  local practitioners ????---??????
• Financial incentives associated with registration
  ???????

module (??) 26
16
Control of markets/pet shops????/???
???????

• Uncontrolled sales outlets likely to result in
  overproduction?????????
• Increased risk of ??????abandonment in the future
• Sale of pets should incorporate some education to
  encourage responsibilities
• ???????????????
• Control essential ????

module (??) 26
17
Education Promotion of responsible pet ownership
????????

• The major challenge for a successful programme
  ???????
• All agencies have a role to play ???????
• All agencies should give the same message?????????

????
module (??) 26
18
Neuter and release programmesThe rationale
???????(TNR)???

• TNR?????????????????????????????????????????????,?
  ???????????????????????????????????,??????????,???
  ?????
• TNR????????????,???????????????????,?????????
• ????????,????,???????TNR????????????????????,??,??
  ??????????
• TNR?????????????????????????????????????????

module (??) 26
19
Neuter and release programmesThe requirements
?????(TNR)???

• TNR????????????,???????????,???????????????TNR????
  ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
  ????????(??)??,???????????????,???????
• TNR???? (1)??(2)?????????(3)????(4)???????(5)
  ?????(6)????????????????????
• TNR???????????,????????????,??????????????

module (??) 26
20
Stray dogs and cats Dealing with the current
problem ???????????

• The considerations in module 26 relate to a
  medium term solution
• ??26?????????
• Animal protection societies are faced with the
  problem of coping with the current crisis with
  limited resources???????????????????

Module 27
21
The role of animal shelters Animal
protectionists dilemma ??????????

• Vary from large professional charities to small
  independent groups ????????,????????????????
• Often volunteers are motivated by a genuine
  desire to save animals??????????????????
• May be veterinary input ?????
• Local economy may restrict the feasibility of
  re-homing ????????????????
• Limited resources ?????

Module 27
22
No kill policy ?????

• ?????????,????????,??????????????????
• ???????????

???????????
?????????,????????,?????????????
Module 27
23
Realities of no kill and limited
finance???????????

• Relative overcrowding in poorly constructed
  and?maintained facilities???
• Poor hygiene and sanitation ???????
• Reduced and unbalanced nutrition ????????
• Lack of prophylactic and therapeutic
  medications???????????
• Inability to quarantine or isolate ???????

Module 27
24
Factors predisposing to the outbreak of
infectious disease?????????
Brazil

• Overcrowding ??
• Poor hygiene and sanitation ???????
• Continued contact with and exposure to???infected
  animals????
• Poor nutrition???
• Intercurrent disease ???
• ??

Module 27
25
The Five Freedoms????

• Freedom from hunger
• and thirst ???????
• Freedom from discomfort???????
• Freedom from pain, injury and disease ???/?/????
• Freedom from fear and distress????/?????
• Freedom to express natural behaviour?????????

Module 27
26
No kill Is it practical with a poor economy?
????????????????
In Rio, Brazil
Module 27
27
Euthanasia and humane selective culling???????

• Euthanasia mercy killing performed for the
  sake of the individual animal itself
  ??????????????
• Selective culling killing in a humane way for
  the sake of the whole population or human society
  ?????????????????????????

Module 27
28
Classification of dogs potentially entering a
shelter ???????????

• Dangerous to human health ????????
• Dangerous to the health of other dogs in shelter
  ??????????
• Severe injury or disease that cannot be treated
  ???????

Module 27
29
Classification of dogs potentially entering a
shelter 2 ?????????????2

• Severe injury or disease that can be treated but
  at high cost ????????
• Minor injury or disease ????
• Behaviour problems ?????
• Healthy with no apparent problems???????????

Module 27
30
Management policy decisions ???????

• What is the realistic capacity of the
  shelter????????
• What happens if this capacity is exceeded?
  ?????????????
• If selective culling is performed what are the
  criteria for choice?????????????????
• What is the role of the shelter? ?????????

Module 27
31
The role of animal shelters The practical
reality ?????? ?????

• To keep lost pets for a sufficient time to allow
  collection by owners ????????????????
• To keep strays to enable them to be re-homed??
• To keep strays for a temporary period as part of
  a neuter and release programme

??????????
Module 27
32
Basic requirements for welfare friendly
neutering ???????????

• Humane methods of catching ????
• Hygienic and comfortable kennelling ???????
• Proper handling ?????
• Adequate analgesia ?????
• Adequate anaesthesia ?????
• An adequate standard of surgical facility and
  technique ????????????
• Adequate post operative nursing care ???????
• Monitoring for a period after release????????

Module 27
33
The pet trade Pet shops and markets ??????????

• Variation in standards and regulation worldwide
  ???????
• Should take into account the welfare of the
  animal ??????
• In the supply chain prior to the shop/market
  ???????????
• During its stay in the market/shop ??????????
• After being sold ?????

Module 27
34
Pet shops Regulation and legislation????????

• May involve licensing and inspection ?????
• Requires a structured method of policing and
  enforcement ????????????
• Sets minimum standard of husbandry and care of
  the pets ??????????? ?????????
• May restrict particular species that can be sold
• May require evidence of staff training or
  qualification ??????????????

?????????????,???????????????????????,????????????
,?????????????????????,???????????????,??????????
Module 27
35
Aggressive dogs????

• A major problem in Europe and the USA ??????
• Size of the problem magnified by intense media
  interest ??????
• Governments pressurised to introduce
  inappropriate breed specific legislation
• ??????????????
• Linked to dog fighting but most bites by
  owned dogs on their own property
  ?????,????????????

Module 27
36
Aggressive dogs The problem of breed specific
legislation ???????????

• Aggressive and non-aggressive dogs of all breeds
  ?????????????
• Most bites in home by non aggressive
  breeds????????????????
• Difficulty of specifically identifying
  breeds?????
• Penalties aimed at dog rather than
  owner??????????????

Module 27
37
Aggressive dogs The real issue ?????????

• The problem is that many dogs are owned by
  dangerous and irresponsible people
  ???????????????????
• Reflects a need for improved public awareness and
  education ???????????
• Reflects a need for improved socialisation and
  training of dogs ?????????????

Module 27
38
Breed standards Mutilations---USA EU
stds??????---??????? Breed standards
Hereditary defects?????????
Module 27
39
Unnecessary mutilations??????

• A mutilation is any surgical removal or
  modification of a body part ???????????????
• Sometimes necessary in an individual for
  therapeutic purposes ???????????
• If performed, should be by a veterinarian with
  adequate anaesthesia and analgesia
  ?????????????????
• Cosmetic mutilations are unnecessary and should
  be banned ?????????????????
• Requires education and active co-operation with
  breeders and kennel clubs ????????????????

Module 27
40
European Convention on Pet AnimalsArticle 10
surgical operations???????10?????

• Surgical operations for the purpose of modifying
  the appearance of a pet animal or for other
  non-curative purposes shall be prohibited and, in
  particular???????????????????,???
• The docking of tails ???
• The cropping of ears ??
• Devocalisation ???
• Declawing and defanging ?????

Module 27
41
Welfare and advances in veterinary therapy
??????????

• Advances in veterinary science may follow some
  years behind human medicine???????????
• In affluent societies, pet owners demand similar
  therapies for their pets as for
  themselves???????????????????
• Is there a danger of sometimes providing a
  service to the owner for financial gain rather
  than considering the welfare of the pet?
• ??????????????????????
• Example 1 Cancer therapy ?? ???? ?? ????
• Example 2 Kidney transplantation in cats

Module 27
42
Consumption of dog meat The Korean story???????

• Consumption of dog meat occurs to some extent in
  a number of Asian cultures????????????
• The meat is said to impart special health giving
  and aphrodisiac properties ???????
• Said to be enhanced by ?????increased suffering
  prior to death
• Poor welfare conditions in markets ?????????
• Brutal killing methods???????

Korean market
Dog meat for sale
Module 27
43
Consumption of dog meat What is the ethical
problem? ???????
Dogs arriving at a market in Korea

• Is it inherently wrong to eat dog meat?
  ????????????
• Is it acceptable to eat dog meat as long as dogs
  do not suffer prior to and during
  slaughter???????????????????????
• Does poor control increase the risk of human
  disease? ??????????????????

Dogs waiting to be killed, Korea
Module 27
44
Summary and conclusions ?????

• Animal protection societies face a real dilemma,
  and must ensure the consequences of their
  activities do not result in welfare problems
  ???????????????,????????????????????
• Veterinarians have a moral obligation to consider
  the welfare of the animals in their care
  ??????????????????
• The pet trade requires regulation ????????
• Poor legislation may result in additional
  problems ????????????
• Pet owners and breeders must ensure that their
  imposition of breed standards does not impose
  unacceptable welfare problems ????????????????????
  ???????
• We must take account of multicultural views
  ???????????

Module 27