Gilded Age Shines Outside, Tarnished Underneath

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Gilded AgeShines Outside, Tarnished Underneath

• Post Reconstruction to 1900

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Gilded Age

• Technology
• Immigration
• Big Business
• Cities
• Unification of U.S.

• Pollution
• Poverty
• Robber Barons
• Slums
• Closing of the West

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Rapid Industrialization

• Natural Resources are Plentiful oil, coal, iron,
  trees, grain, livestock
• Laissez-faire government few laws regulate,
  kick-back schemes, philanthropist donations
• Immigration cheap, plentiful labor, no laws

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Notable Inventions

• (Bessemer)- process yields steel
• Steel yields RR track, skyscrapers (Jenny),
  suspension bridges (Roebling)
• (Drake) Petroleum refining yields kerosene, oil,
  gas
• (Westinghouse) AC/DC electrical currents
  harnessed
• (Edison) Incandescent lighting
• (Bell) Telephone

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Skyscrapers
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Department Stores
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Roeblings and Brooklyn Bridge
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Texas Crude
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Shale Oil is Discovered
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Electricity to Business and Home
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Indoor Lighting-West Orange
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Telephone Bell Labs
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Central Pacific Meets Union Pacific Promontory
Pt, Utah
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Time Zones
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Hard and Dangerous Work
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Millionaires and Crooks

• Carnegie, JP Morgan, Pullman get rich
• Credit Mobilier scandal lines the pockets of
  politicians by overcharging construction
• Farmers lose out land near RR
• Price fixing charges small farmers more
• Granger laws established (Munn v Illinois)
  govt can regulate private industry to help
  consumers ICC estb interstate rates
• Bad times leads to oligopoly in RR, other

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Business Savvy?

• Carnegie promoted efficiency, internal
  competition, vertical and horizontal integration
• Holding companies and Trusts consolidate and
  build control over entire industries
• J.P. Morgan US Steel buys Carnegie Steel, John
  D. Rockefeller-Standard Oil
• Robber Barons squeeze then jack up prices
• Philanthropists
• Social Darwinism poor are lazy and inferior
• Sherman Antitrust largely unenforced

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Rise of Labor Unions

• Conditions appalling 7 days, no vacation, no
  breaks, 14 hr days, poor air/heat, no sick pay,
  dangerous, dirty, kids and women exploited the
  most, pay so low everyone had to work to pay
  rent/food
• Samuel Gompers heads AFL-craft union
• Eugene Debs heads RR union-industry
• Mother Mary Harris Jones- crippled childrens
  march

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Strike!

• Great Strike of 1877 RR workers protest several
  pay cuts
• Haymarket Riots Chicago crowd gathered to
  protest police brutality-bomb thrown at
  police-several killed
• Homestead Strike Carnegie Steel-12 dead, closed
  down for 6 mos but mgt won
• Pullman Strike scabs hired led to violence,
  workers blacklisted
• Uprising of 20,000-led by Pauline Newman-estb
  ILGWU-Shirtwaist Fire 1911

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More Recent Union Membership
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Show Me The Money
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Immigration and Urbanization

• 1880 - 1920

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Immigration 1880 - 1920
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Jacob Riis Progressive Photographer -5 cents a
spot-cheap housing, steady work
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The Seedy Side of Life
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Tenement LivingAir Shafts used as Public Toilets
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Taking Turns SleepingSocial Gospel Movement
Hull House- Jane Addams
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Unsafe HeatingFire Hazard
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Crime- Bandits RoostPolice had little impact
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Immigration Restrictions

• Nativist movement favoritism to US born
• Formed Immigration Restriction League
• Influenced Congress to pass Chinese Exclusion Act
  1882 repealed 1943
• Gentlemans Agreement ended Japanese segregation
  in San Francisco

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Political MachineLegal Mafia

• A Pyramid System to secure votes
• Trade votes for favors
• Political Boss controlled government money
• Graft payout for favors-police on take
• Cities improved infrastructure
• Infamous William Boss Tweed -headed NYC dems
  called Tammany Hall

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Boss Tweed-Political Machine
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Boss Tweed
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National PoliticsAlso Affected by Graft

• Spoils System aka Patronage
• Civil Service qualifications
• Hayes (1876) couldnt get reforms passed
• Garfield (1880) assassinated Arthur his VP got
  Pendleton Civil Service Act through
• Cleveland (1884) tries to fight big Biz by
  reducing tarriffs- (tax on imports)
• Harrison (1888) friend of Big Biz-pro tariff
• Cleveland re-elected (1892) 2 non-consecutive
  terms

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Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

• Chapter 8

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Sections

• Science and Urban Life
• Expansion of Public Education
• Segregation and Discrimination
• Dawn of a Mass Culture

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Urban Life

• Skyscrapers- advances due to elevators and steel
  structure
• Electric Transportation-faster, further
• Engineering-suspension bridges
• Open spaces-Frederick Olmsted-Central Park
• Urban Planning-parks, wide avenues, lakefronts,
  playgrounds, commercial

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Flat Iron Building NYC
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Mass Transit Trolley
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Mass Transit Subway
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Urban Planning
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Science and Technology

• Printing process faster and cheaper
• Airplane travel-Orville and Wilbur Wright
• Photography

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Educational Advances and Set Backs

• Elementary School is compulsory 8-14 yrs in most
  states by the end of the Civil War
• High School becomes compulsory early 1900s,
  broaden curriculum
• Kindergarten added
• African Americans mostly excluded from secondary
  education at turn of century
• Universities broaden curriculum
• Universities for African Americans began

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Champions of Education

• Booker T Washington-a gradual improvement -
  African Americans need an education in useful
  skills like education, agriculture, mechanical
  skills Tuskegee Institute
• W.E.B. DuBois-immediate inclusion through a
  liberal arts education- to take leadership role
  now, not later- Niagra Movement-became the NAACP

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Advocates of Education
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Segregation is Legalized

• African Americans win the right to vote and hold
  office from Civil War
• This right eroded by discriminatory practices
  like literacy tests, poll taxes and the
  grandfather clause
• Lynching not following racial etiquette
• Racial segregation or Jim Crow laws estb
• Plessy v Ferguson 1896
• Debt peonage

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Leisure Grows into an Industry

• Amusement parks
• Bicycle
• Tennis
• Boxing
• Baseball
• Snacks Coca Cola, Hershey Bar, Tootsie roll,
  Campbell Soup, Nabisco crackers
• Circus
• Movies
• Vaudeville
• Ragtime

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Ashcan Artists- John SloanMcSorleys
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Ashcan Artist-Robert HenriThe Laundress
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Ashcan Artist-John SloanSunday, Women Drying
their Hair