Colonial History of Sudan

1
Colonial History of Sudan
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan
2
Turko - Egyptian Rule

• In 1820, Muhammad Ali, the Turkish Pasha of
  Egypt, sent two military expeditions south and
  westward into Sudan.
• Thus began the period of Turko-Egyptian rule in
  Sudan, which lasted until1885.

3
Turko - Egyptian Rule

• It appears that Muhammad Ali invaded Sudan mainly
  in the hope of obtaining gold and black men to
  enlist in his army, which he intended to use in
  his schemes against his own master, the Ottoman
  Sultan.
• About 1850, the first Christian missionaries
  arrived in southern Sudan.
• Generally speaking, the Turko-Egyptian government
  of the Sudan was doomed to failure. The appointed
  officials lacked public spirit, were unpopular
  among the people and were considered as a burden
  for the country.

4
The Mahdiya

• In 1881, a religious leader, Mohamed Ahmed El
  Mahdi, led a revolt against the government.
• His rebellion, for both religious and political
  reform, was widely successful. It triumphed with
  the capture of Khartoum, where General Gordon,
  who was the last Turkish governor, was killed in
  1885.
• On the advice of the British, who had occupied
  Egypt since 1882, the Turko-Egyptian government
  was withdrawn.
• Although the Mahdi died in the same year, the
  Sudan under his successor, the Khalifa Abd Allah
  remained independent until 1898.
• Image of the Mahdi from http//weekly.ahram.org.e
  g/1999/437/chrncls.htm

5
British Egyptian RuleThe Condominium

• British fear of the establishment of French
  influence over the Upper Nile area, led to the
  re-conquest of the Sudan.
• An Anglo-Egyptian force led by General Kitchener,
  invaded Sudan between 1896 and 1898.

6
British Egyptian RuleThe Condominium

• The British administered northern and southern
  Sudan as separate colonies requiring a passport
  to travel between them and banning the slave
  trade.
• The British closed door laws expelled northern
  Arab merchants from the south and discouraged
  Islam plus Arabic customs. They provided money to
  support Christian Missionary schools and social
  services in the south but developed roads only in
  the north.
• (Image contrasts Sudanese railroads with camels
  as transportation at the time of independence.)

http//www.historycentral.com/Africa/SudanIndep.ht
ml
7
British Egyptian RuleThe Condominium

• When this the closed door was opened in World
  War Two, only four of the 800 government
  officials appointed by the British were from the
  South.
• (Hyperlink provides images of Anglo-Sudan
  warrior, policemen, and camel-mounted, British
  trained soldiers)
• http//iarchives.nysed.gov/Gallery/gallery.jsp?id
  38

8
Independence for Sudan

• During 1951-1953, Negotiations regarding the
  future of Sudan were finally successful in
  February 1953, when the British and the Egyptian
  left.
• There was to have been a three-year period of
  self-government under international supervision
  and guidance to foster unity within the Sudanese
  people.
• In November 1955, however, Sudan declared
  complete independence. Civil War between
  Northern and Southern Sudan began in the same
  year.
• What have you learned from this presentation that
  could have caused a civil war?

9
Bibliography

• Sudan Embassy History of Sudan- The Land and
• Location
• http//www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/history.ph
  p
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_AngloE
  gyptian_condominium
• (Additional Images available from Dr. Dunbars
  PowerPoint on Sudan)