People and Ideas

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QUIT
People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259
B.C.
Chapter Overview
Time Line
Indo-European Migrations
1
SECTION
Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
2
SECTION
MAP
Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
3
SECTION
The Origins of Judaism
4
SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259
B.C.
Migrations and trade networks carry new ideas,
languages, and cultures throughout the
Mediterranean and as far east as South Asia.
Three major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism,
and Judaism, emerge during this period.
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People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. 259
B.C.
Time Line
1100 B.C. Phoenicians begin to dominate
Mediterranean trade.
2000 B.C. Hittites migrate to Anatolia.
3500 B.C.
259 B.C.
1500 B.C. Aryans invade India.
814 B.C. Carthage founded as a Phoenician trade
center.
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Indo-European Migrations
Key Idea
Migrations of Indo-Europeans into parts of Europe
and South Asia introduce new ideas and languages
and result in a blend of new and old cultures.
Overview
Assessment
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Indo-European Migrations
Overview
Indo-Europeans steppes migration
Hittites Anatolia Aryans Vedas Brahmin
caste Mahabharata
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Indo-European peoples migrated into Europe,
India, and Southwest Asia and interacted with
peoples living there.
Half the people living today speak languages that
stem from the original Indo-European languages.
Assessment
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Indo-European Migrations
1. List the names of some modern languages that
stem from Indo-European roots.
French
Spanish
English
Greek
Swedish
Hindi
Russian
Persian
continued . . .
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Indo-European Migrations
1
Section
Assessment
2. What important contributions did the Aryan
invaders make to the culture and way of life in
India? THINK ABOUT
roles in society
religion
literature
ANSWER
Roles in society Aryan caste system ruled
India for over 3,000 years. Religion Aryan
deities of the Vedas entered the Hindu religion.
Literature The Vedas, Upanishads, and
Mahabharata are great literary works with Aryan
subjects or themes.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Indo-European Migrations
1
Section
Assessment
3. For what environmental reasons might the
Indo-Europeans have migrated? THINK ABOUT
weather
occupational needs
health
ANSWER
Weather Grazing lands may have dried up.
Occupational needs Their population may have
grown too large to feed. Health They may have
been escaping from diseases or invaders.
Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
MAP
Key Idea
Hinduism has no one founder but promotes a
unified world view and a rigid caste system.
Buddhisms founder, Siddhartha Gautama, preaches
the way of moderation and rejects the Aryan caste
system.
Overview
Assessment
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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
MAP
Overview
reincarnation karma Jainism Siddhartha
Gautama enlightenment nirvana
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The religious beliefs of the Vedic Age eventually
developed into Hinduism and Buddhism.
Almost one-fifth of the worlds people today
practice one of these two religions.
Assessment
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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Compare Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and
practices.
Both
Reincarnation Cyclical view of history Belief in
a state of enlightenment (Hindu moksha, Buddhist
nirvana)
Caste system Animal sacrifice
The Middle Way (Eightfold Path) Four Noble Truths
continued . . .
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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism
MAP
2
Section
Assessment
2. How might the belief in reincarnation provide
a form of social control? THINK ABOUT
karma
the belief in the interrelatedness of all life
caste
ANSWER

• Karma Karma motivates people to obey societys
  laws.
• Belief in the interrelatedness of all life
  People would be reluctant to harm any life form.
• Caste Those born into a lower caste might work
  hard to achieve a higher caste in their next
  life.

Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
Key Idea
Ancient sea traders spread goods, culture, and
innovative ideas in the Mediterranean and beyond.
The Phoenicians are not only a great seafaring
people but give the world the first written
alphabet
Overview
Assessment
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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
Overview
Minoans Aegean Sea Knossos King Minos
Phoenicians
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Trading societies extended the development of
civilizations beyond the Fertile Crescent region.
Traders spread knowledge of reading and writing,
including an ancient form of the alphabet that we
use today.
Assessment
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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
3
Section
Assessment
1. Below is a list of accomplishments. Identify
feats that were Minoan and those that were
Phoenician.

• dominated trade (20001400 B.C.)
• set up numerous city-states
• developed an alphabet
• produced a famous purple dye
• jumped over bulls for fun
• produced fine painted pottery

• dominated trade (20001400 B.C.)
• jumped over bulls for fun
• produced fine painted pottery

• set up numerous city-states
• developed an alphabet
• produced a famous purple dye

continued . . .
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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
3
Section
Assessment
2. In Herodotuss account of how the Phoenicians
sailed around Africa, what words show Herodotuss
doubt? Why do you think he expresses doubts?
THINK ABOUT
the sources that reported the feat
Herodotus as a historian
the Phoenicians seafaring skills
the fact that the trip was not repeated for
2000 years
ANSWER

• What some may believe, though I do not.
• Herodotus was a historian. He did not want to
  tarnish his reputation by reporting something
  unlikely. There was no evidence of a second trip,
  so Herodotus was rightly skeptical.

Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries
3
Section
Assessment
3.  The Phoenicians founded wealthy city-states
around the Mediterranean. These city-states often
competed with one another. Do you think it would
have made more sense for the city-states to
cooperate or did competition make them stronger?
THINK ABOUT
advantages of a unified country
advantages of independence
benefits of competition
ANSWER

• Cooperation Had Phoenicians united, they could
  have pooled their resources and been an even
  stronger and more profitable trading power.
• Competition This keeps traders on their toes, so
  Phoenicians in all cities would have been better
  merchants.

Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
Key Idea
The religion of the ancient Hebrews is the
worlds first major monotheistic religion. The
Hebrews establish covenants with God, who is over
all people. Their ethical and moral systems, as
set forth in the Torah and Ten Commandments,
become a foundation for Christianity and Islam.
Overview
Assessment
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The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
Overview
Palestine Canaan Torah Abraham monotheis
m covenant Moses Israel Judah tribute
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Hebrews maintained monotheistic religious
beliefs that were unique in the ancient world.
From this tradition, Judaism, the religion of the
Jews, evolved. Judaism is one of the worlds
major religions.
Assessment
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The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
4
Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List the major Hebrew leaders discussed
in this section. Then give one piece of
information about each.
2000 B.C.
1200 B.C.
1300 B.C.
1020-922 B.C.
AbrahamFather of Jewish people
DeborahA prominent judge
MosesLed Hebrews out of slavery
Saul, David, SolomonKings under whom Hebrews
united
continued . . .
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The Origins of Judaism
GRAPH
4
Section
Assessment
2. What were the main problems faced by the
Hebrews between 2000 B.C. and 700 B.C.? THINK
ABOUT
the quest for a homeland
other peoples hardships
problems among Hebrews
ANSWER

• constantly moving from place to place
• being forced into slavery in Egypt
• fighting with neighbors over land
• worshiping other gods
• performing forced labor
• paying high taxes
• dividing the Hebrew kingdom in two

Possible Responses
End of Section 4