Remaining Classes

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Remaining Classes
12/04 Traumatic Events 12/09 Final Exam
Review 12/18 Final Exam (1145-245) NOTE
"Emotional Broadcaster" and "Emotions and
Perception" omitted
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Managing Emotions (continued)

• Class 24

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Other Disclosure Studies Show
Disclosure ? higher T-Cell count ?
improved antibody response to Epstein-Barr
? improved antibody response to Hepatitis
B Improved management of chronic
illness Diabetes Asthma Other chronic
illness Effect replicated in scores of studies,
by many different researchers
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Benjamin Franklin's Anger
Management Method
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Disclosure and Closeness to Offenders(Harber
Wenberg, 2005)
Subjects recall Close friend Neutral
person Person who betrayed them Write Thoug
hts and feelings Facts only (persons height,
features) Outcome Closeness toward recalled
person
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Results Disclosure and Closeness
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Results Disclosure and Closeness
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Collective Coping

• Class 25

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Schemas and Emotion
Mighty tree that sheds acorns? Soft drink, rival
of Pepsi? Very brief story with funny
ending? Gray/black fumes that arise from a
fire? The white part of an egg?
Oak
Coke
Joke
Smoke
Albumin
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Fundamental Assumptions
The world is just The world is orderly, not
chaotic or random Ones self is good and
competent
Traumas are events that violate fundamental
assumptions (aka "basic beliefs")
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The Loma Prieta Earthquake
Characteristics of Quake 7.1 on Richter
scale Duration 15 seconds Most intense seismic
event since 1906 quake, which destroyed SF
Effects of Quake Deaths 60 Injured
3700 Displaced 12,000 Damage 6 billion
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Disclosure and Coping
Schacter Anxiety and Affiliation Studies a.
Clarify causes of distress b. Validates own
emotions Sympathetic Listening as Key to Social
Support a. Making sense of trauma b.
Perspective, insight Failure to Disclose is a
Health Risk a. Suppression physically
effortful b. Prolonged suppression ? chronic
stress c. Disclosure stops suppression, reduces
illness
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Health Benefits of Disclosure
Immediate Lowered heart rate Lowered skin
conductance Reduced muscle tension Long term
health Fewer MD visits Fewer
symptoms Stronger immune system Long term
coping Reduced depression, stress higher
grades, less absenteeism Quicker re-employment
after loss
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Listening Isnt Easy
Contagion of Distress Holocaust survivors
study Vicarious traumatization among
therapists Avoidance of the supporter
role Pseudo-sympathetic responses Outright
rejection
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Social Dilemma of Collective Coping
People simultaneously placed in two roles 1.
Seek out others for support 2. Sought out as a
support source for others AND 1. Telling your
problem advances coping 2. Hearing others
disclose is a stressor
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Survey of Disaster Research from 1959 to 1989 A
review of 73 published studies.
Gathered comparison group data 27 Gathered
data two times after event 30 Gathered data 3
times after event 14 Gathered data no later
than weeks after event 25 Meet all the above
criteria 0
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Quake Study Survey Locations
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Timeline of Quake Study
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Quake Study Method
Sample size 789 residents (SF, Sac, S. Cal,
Dallas) Data gathering method Phone
survey Random digit dialing Calls made 630
930, weeknights only Survey lasts 10 minutes
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Survey Content
Communication Thinking, talking,
listening Emotional reactions Physical
symptoms Coping tactics praying, joking, drinking
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Rates of Talking and Thinking Following the Loma
Prieta Earthquake Bay Area Only
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Thank you for not sharing your earthquake
experience with me
T-shirts in Palo Alto during weeks 3-6 after the
quake
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Percent Reporting an Earthquake-Related Dream, SF
vs. Other Locations
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Percent Reporting an Argument with Family or
Co-Workers During the Prior Week
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Percentage Change in Aggravated Assaults From
Year Before Quake to Year After Quake
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Rates of Quake Related Joking
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A need to be shaken and stirred?
But deep in my heart I know not that a major
disaster would be deliverance from my drab,
wretched life salvation from the old
week-by-week, a chance for two-bit heroics blown
up on the front page . Ive talked to others,
and Im not alone. Maybe we crave a chance to be
stouthearted for once and have a real situation
to cope with. Michael Hood, NPR
Reporter Commenting on minor quake in Seattle,
WA 05/09/96
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The Three Stage Model of Collective Coping
The Three Stage Model of Collective Coping
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Persian Gulf War I
500000 US soldiers in harms way Experts predict
1000s of US casualties Fears of nuclear weapons,
poison gas Fears of terrorism at home Yellow
ribbons, prayer sessions Media barrage of
war-relate stories
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Persian Gulf War Study
Survey nearly identical to that used in Quake
Study Participants contacted randomly All
participants were Dallas, TX residents No
comparison sample possible
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Rates and Talking and Thinking Following the
Persian Gulf War
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Rates of Event-Related Dreaming, Following the
Quake and Following the War
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Rate of Increased Aggravated Assaults, Dallas,
1991 (War) vs. 1990 (Pre-War)
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Implications of Collective Coping Research

• Coping appears to occur in a three-stage manner
• Emergency
• Inhibition
• Recovery

• Public safety should be on especial alert during
  inhibition stage
• Emotions are negotiated events we need to share
  the burden of disclosure and listening.