INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS

1
INTERNET PROTOCOL ADDRESS

• By Mohammed J. Razem
• ID 20030174012

2
What is an IP address?

• An IP address can also be thought of as the
  equivalent of a street address or a phone number
  for a computer or other network device on the
  Internet.
• Internet identifier including information about
  how to reach a network location.
• (via the Internet routing system).
• Also a hierarchical identifier.
• Network part and Host part.
• Host part can be subdivided (subnetting).

3
IP address Versions

• The Internet Protocol has two versions currently
  in use. Each version has its own definition of an
  IP address. Because of its prevalence, "IP
  address" typically refers to those defined by
  IPv4.
• IP version 4 (IPv4)
• IP version 6 (IPv6)

4
IP address Versions

• IPv4
• IPv4 only uses 32-bit (4 bytes) addresses, which
  limits the address space to 4,294,967,296 (232)
  possible unique addresses.
• However, many are reserved for special purposes,
  such as private networks (18 million addresses)
  or multicast addresses (270 million addresses).
• This reduces the number of addresses that can be
  allocated as public Internet addresses, and as
  the number of addresses available is consumed, an
  IPv4 address shortage appears to be inevitable in
  the long run.
• This limitation has helped stimulate the push
  towards IPv6, which is currently in the early
  stages of deployment and is currently the only
  contender to replace IPv4.

5
IP address Versions

• IPv6
• IPv6 is the new standard protocol for the
  Internet. Windows Vista, Apple Computer's Mac OS
  X, and an increasing range of Linux distributions
  include native support for the protocol, but it
  is not yet widely deployed elsewhere.
• Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) wide, which,
  even with a generous assignment of netblocks,
  will more than suffice for the foreseeable
  future. In theory, there would be exactly 2128
  unique host interface addresses. Which makes it
  possible to again encode more routing information
  into the addresses themselves.
• The concept of class was never used in IPv6.
• Example 20010db885a308d313198a2e03707334

6
Static and Dynamic IP addresses

• When a computer uses the same IP address every
  time it connects to the network, it is known as a
  Static IP address.
• In contrast, in situations when the computer's IP
  address changes frequently it is called a Dynamic
  IP address.

7
Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Cont)

• Static IP
• Static IP addresses are manually assigned to a
  computer by an administrator, either through the
  operating system configuration or through a
  command (e.g. ipconfig or ifconfig).

8
Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Cont)

• Dynamic IP
• Dynamic IP Addresses assigned, on LANs or most
  broadband networks, by Dynamic Host Configuration
  Protocol (DHCP) servers or BOOTP are used because
  it reduces the administrative burden of assigning
  static addresses within a network. In most
  desktop operating systems, dynamic IP
  configuration is enabled by default. Dialup and
  some broadband networks do not use DHCP, but the
  dynamic IP addressing capability of the
  Point-to-Point Protocol.

9
Static and Dynamic IP addresses (Cont)

• Zeroconf
• Zeroconf or Zero Configuration Networking is a
  set of techniques that automatically create a
  usable IP network without configuration or
  special servers.
• This allows inexpert users to connect computers,
  networked printers, and other items together and
  expect them to work automatically.
• IPv4 uses the 169.254. set of addresses.
• However Microsoft refers to this as Automatic
  Private IP Addressing (APIPA) or Internet
  Protocol Automatic Configuration (IPAC).

10
IP address Structure

• By the most common IP version (IPv4), IP
  addresses are 32-bit values, which are
  represented usually by four sets of numbers,
  ranging from 0-255 separated by dots (.). This is
  referred by as dotted-decimal notation. By
  dotted-decimal notation, an address might look
  like this

11
Subnetting

• What is a subnet?
• Its the range of logical addresses within the
  address space that is assigned to an
  organization.
• What is subnetting?
• Its the hierarchical partitioning of the
  network address space of an organization (and of
  the network nodes of an autonomous system) into
  several subnets.

12
Subnetting How?

• Subnetting an IP Network can be done for a
  variety of reasons. The most common reason is to
  control network traffic.
• Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows
  you to identify the network and node parts of the
  address.
• Example
• Using a test IP address 140.179.240.200 and
  the default Class B subnet mask
• 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
  140.179.240.200 IP Address
• 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
  255.255.000.000 Subnet Mask
• --------------------------------------------------
  ------ AND Operation
• 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
  140.179.000.000 Network Address

13
IP address Classful and Classless

• Classful (Obsolete)
• Wasteful address architecture.
• Network boundaries are fixed at 8, 16 or 24 bits.
• (class A, B, and C)
• Classless (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
• Efficient architecture.
• Network boundaries may occur at any bit.
• (e.g. /12, /16, /19, /24 etc)

14
IP address Classful

• Class A networks are most common and implement
  the first octet of the network address. Networks
  of class A will have the first octet within the
  range of 1-126. Class B networks use the first
  two octets, the first being in the range of
  128-191. The smallest networks are class C
  networks, and use the first three octets of the
  network address and implement the first within
  the range of 192-223.

15
IP address Classless

• Rather than allocating address blocks on
  eight-bit (i.e., octet) boundaries forcing 8, 16,
  or 24-bit prefixes, it used the technique of
  Variable-Length Subnet Masking (VLSM) to allow
  allocation on arbitrary-length prefixes. Applying
  a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to
  identify the network and node parts of the
  address.
• A CIDR-compliant address is written with a suffix
  indicating the number of bits in the prefix
  length, such as 192.168.0.0/16. This permits more
  efficient use of increasingly scarce IPv4
  addresses.
• CIDR blocks are identified using a syntax
  similar to that of IPv4 addresses a four-part
  dotted-decimal address, followed by a slash, then
  a number from 0 to 32 A.B.C.D/N.

16
IP address Classless (Cont)

• 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000010
  192.168.5.130 IP Address
• 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
  255.255.255.192 Subnet Mask
• --------------------------------------------------
  ------ AND Operation
• 11000000.10101000.00000101.10000000
  192.168.5.128 Network Portion

• In this example two bits were borrowed from the
  original host portion. This is beneficial because
  it allows a single network portion to be split
  into several smaller network portions.
• A /24 prefix, such as a classful C block, for
  example has space for 254 hosts. If a network
  were to be split into four parts using a classful
  prefix, four different /24 addresses would have
  to be used to serve those networks.
• Using the subnetting example above, if each
  subnetwork were to have 62 hosts or less, a
  single /24 prefix could be split up to service
  the entire network while wasting the fewest host
  addresses.

17
IP address famous Windows commands

• At last, we are going to take an overview of the
  most important and common commands used in
  Windows and other OS to control IP addresses and
  routing.
• ping ipaddress
• ipconfig /all /release /flushdns /renew
• tracert
• nslookup

18
Thank you for listening

• By Mohammed J. Razem
• ID 20030174012