r2r

1
?????????????? ??????????
2
????????
???
????????????????????? ??? ???????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
??????? ???????????????????????????
3
???????????????? ???
????
??????????????????????!
(????????????)
4
?????????????????????????
-?????????????? (TRADITION) -???????????????
(AUTHORITY) -?????????????? (INTUITION)
-???????????????? (TRIAL / ERROR)
-????????????????????? (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
5
Research/Scientific Process
PROBLEM
HYPOTHESIS
TEST (DATA COLLECTION)
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
CONCLUSION
YES NO
6
????????????????????????

• ????????????????
• ???????????????????????????
• ????????????????????
• ???????
• ???????????????
• ??????????????????

7
??????????????????
?????
??????
??????
8
???????????????????
????????
??????? ????
???????????
9
???????????????????????

• ???????????????/????????
• 1.1 ???????????? (Basic Research)
• 1.2 ????????????? (Applied Research)

10
2. ????????????????????? 2.1 ????????????????
(Historical) 2.2 ????????????????????????????
2.3 ????????????????? (Descriptive) 2.4
????????????????????? (Analytical)
11
3. ?????????????????????? 3.1
????????????????? (Observational) ?.
Participatory Action Research ?.
Non-Participatory Action Research 3.2
???????????????? (Survey) 3.3 ????????????????
(Experimental)


12
4. ????????????????????????? ?????? ????????
4.1 ?????????????????? (Qualitative) 4.2
?????????????????? Quantitative)
13
5. ???????????????/????????/?? 5.1
???????????? (Basic Research) 5.2
????????????? (Applied Research)
6. ??????????????????????? 6.1
????????????????(Retrospective Study) 6.2
??????????????????(Prospective Study)
14
PROSPECTIVE/COHORT
RETROSPECTIVE
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
EXPERIMENTAL
RETROSPECTIVE - PROSPECTIVE
15
PROSPECTIVE / COHORT STUDY
ADVANTAGES
- KNOW INCIDENCE, NATURAL HISTORY
- LESS DATA BIAS
- KNOW OTHER OUTCOMES
DISADVANTAGES
- LARGE NUBER OF SUBJECTS
- LONG FOLLOW-UP TIME
- EXPENSIVE
- DIFFICULT TO CONTROL EXTRANEOUS FACTORS
- POSSIBLE BIAS IN OUTCOME ASSESSMENT.
16
RETROSPECTIVE / CASE-CONTROL
ADVANTAGES
- CAN STUDY THE RARE CONDITIONS
- LESS EXPENSIVE, LESS ETHICAL PROBLEMS
- NEED LESS SUBJECTS
- INFORMATIONS ARE ALREADY AVAILABLE
- CAN STUDY MANY EXPOSURES
DISADVANTAGES
- CAN NOT ASSESS THE TRUE INCIDENCE
- CAN NOT STUDY THE DISEASE MECHANISM
- PROBLEM OF SELECTING CONTROL SUBJECTS
AND EXTRANEOUS FACTORS.
17
7. ????????????????????????
7.1 ??????????? (Literary Research) 7.2
??????????? (Clinical Research) 7.3
?????????????????????? (Laboratory Res.) 7.4
??????????????????? (Animal Research) 7.5
?????????? (Community Research) 7.6
??????????????????? (Operational Research)
18
8. ??????????????????????????
8.1 Exploratory Study a. Literature Survey b.
Experience Survey c. Analysis of
Insight-Stimulation New Situation,
Marginal, Transitional, Abnormal
19
8.2 Descriptive/Observational Study
a. Cases, Situation Study b. Population (Whole
or Sample Study)
20
8.3 Analytical, Correlational Study
a. Categorize on theoretical, practical,
empirical grounds b. Generalize
21
8.4 Experimental Study
a. After-only experiment b. Before-After
experiment - Single group - One
or more controls
22
9. ???????????????????? 9.1 ????????? (Case
Study) 9.2 ???????????(Documentary) 9.3
???????????? (Field Study) 9.4 ????????
(Survey Study) 9.5 ???????????????? (Action
Res) 9.6 ?????????????? (Experimental)
23
10. ???????????????????????????
10.1 Monodisciplinary 10.2 Interdisciplinary
10.3 Multidisciplinary
24
??????????????????????
(VALIDITY OR ACCURACY)

1. INTERNAL VALIDITY. ?????????????????????????????
   ?????????????????? (??????????????????????????????
   ? ??????)
2. EXTERNAL VALIDITY. ?????????????????????????????
   ???????????????????????? (GENERALIZATION)

25
ERROR
VALIDITY
26
????????????????????? (Error)

• ???????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ??????????? 2 ??????
• 1. SYSTEMATIC ERROR
• 2. RANDOM ERROR, BY CHANCE

27

• ???????????????????????????? (SYSTEMATIC ERROR)
  ????????????????????????????????? (BIAS)
• - ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• -?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????

28
???? ???????????????? (BIAS)
?????????????????? ????????????????????????
???????? ??????? PLANNING, DESIGN, POPULATION,
CONDUCT, SAMPLING, TESTS, ANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION, PUBLICATION.
29

• ??????????????????????, ?????????
• (RANDOM ERROR OR NOISE)

• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  (Sampling error) ???????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????

30
?????????? ?????????????? (PRECISION) ???
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????

.
X
SYSTEMATIC ERROR
. .. . . ...
X
RANDOM ERROR
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
X
31
Steps in Research Practice
1. SELECTION OF TOPICS 2. INFORMATION
RETRIEVAL 3. FORMULATION OF THEORY 4.
FORMULATION OF VARIABLES 5. FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESIS 6. RESEARCH DESIGN, PROTOCOL 7.
POPULATION, SAMPLING 8. INSTRUMENT, PROCEDURE
32
Steps in Reasearch Practice

1. PILOT STUDY
2. REVISION OF RESEARCH PLAN AND PROTOCOL
3. TESTING, DATA COLLECTION
4. DATA MANAGEMENT
5. DATA ANALYSIS
6. INTERPRETATION, CONCLUSION
7. PRESENTATION, PUBLICATION

33
?????????????????????????
1. ??????? ????????????????? 2.
????????????????????? 3. ?????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? 4.
?????????????????? ???????????????????????????
?????????????????????????
34
????????????????????
1. ??????????? 2. ??????????? 3. ????????? 4.
?????????????? ?????????? 5. ??????????????? 6.
?????????????? 7. ????????????????????
35
??????????????????????? ???????????????????????
1. ??????????????????????? 2. ????????????
??????? 3. ????????????????? 4.
???????????????????????????? 5. ??????????????
???????????????????
36
???????? RESEARCH TOPIC
A. ??????????????????????????????????????????
RESEARCH QUESTION B. ?????????????
RESEARCH QUESTION
37
A. ???????????????????????
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. ?????????? (PHENOMENA) 2. ???????????????
(CUROSITY) 3. ?????????????????? (THEORETICAL
CONCEPT) 4. ????????? (IDEOLOGY)
38
B. ?????????????
RESEARCH QUESTION
1. ??????????????? 2. ????????????????????????????
??? 3. ??????????? 4. ????????? ?????? 5.
???????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????
6. ?????????????????? 7. ??????????????
39
????????????????????
????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????
?????????????? ??? ????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????? ???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
40
HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION
.???????????????????????????? ????????????????
??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
??????????
41
????????? ??????????????????
1. ????????????? - ?????????????????????????
- ????????????????? 2.
????????????????? 3. ??????????????????????
???????? ???????? 4. ????????????
42
??????????????????
??????????
1. ??????????????? ?????????????????? 2.
?????????????????????? ??????????
???????????????? 3. ?????????????????????????.
43
1. ??????????????? ??????????????????
1.1 ?????????????????????????????????????
??? Research Question ??????????
????????? 1.2 ???????????????????????????????????
??????? ? 1.3 ??????????????????????????
?????????? ?
44
1.4 ??????????????????????????? ?? ? 1.5
????????????????????????????? ?????????
????????? ??????? ? 1.6 ???????????????
??????????????? ?
45
2. ?????????????????????? ????????????????????
????
2.1 ?????????????? ?????? ??????????????
???? 2.2 ???????????????????????? 2.3
?????????????????????? 2.4 ????????????????????
46
????????????????? 9 ?????? ????????????????
47
1. ????????? ????????????????????????
???????????? 2. ?????????????????????????????????
3. ????????????????????????????????????
??????? 4. ??????????????????????????????????
48
5. ???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? 6.
????????????????????? ???????????
????????????????????????? 7. ????????????????????
??????????? 8. ?????????????????????????????????
9. ???????????????????????????????.