Modelling Intellectual Processes: The objectorient FRBR Model

1
Modelling Intellectual Processes The
object-orient FRBR Model
CIDOC 2007
Martin Doerr
Center for Cultural Informatics Institute of
Computer Science Foundation for Research and
Technology - Hellas
Glasgow, Scotland January 29, 2008
2
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and
Museum Information

• The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is a
  core ontology aiming to integrate cultural
  heritage information.
• The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
  Records (FRBR) is a core ER model to integrate
  library information.
• Libraries document literature in order to
  facilitate access to it.
• Museum objects are referred to and published in
  literature. Literature describes the museum
  objects, their context and theories about and
  related to them. Literature describes subjects
  that are exemplified or illustrated by museum
  objects.
• Museum documentation classifies and describes
  museum objects, their context and relevance. It
  refers to literature. Museums produce regularly
  literature. Libraries may also produce
  literature.
• Libraries may document and curate rare objects
  as museums do.

3
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Library and
Museum Information

• Documentation tasks of museums and libraries
  overlap.
• Museum and library information has complex
  interrelations. Museum and library information
  overlaps, and otherwise is different.
• Museums and libraries can learn from each others
  methodology.
• Research needs an integrated view on museum and
  library information
• There was no common conceptual model or
  machine-readable language to integrate rich
  museum and library information. DC is a good
  format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed,
  but used only by libraries. There are the models
  of FRBR, FRAD, CIDOC CRM.

4
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The Harmonization
Project

• Formation in 2003 of the International Working
  Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation
• A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA
  FRBR Review Group.
• To express the IFLA FRBR model with the
  concepts, ontological methodology and notation
  conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.
• To facilitate the integration, mediation and
  interchange of bibliographic and museum
  information.
• After 11 meetings, a complete draft of FRBROO
  for public comment. Definition available as text
  in the format of the CRM.
• Other forms A comprehensive text with all
  related CRM definitions and complete mappings
  FRBRER to FRBROO, OWL/RDF files, ppt graphics.
• Work continues with FRBR Core format

5
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization CRM

• The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM)
• developed since 1996 by CIDOC / ISO TC46, ISO
  21127 by 2006
• a core ontology aiming to integrate cultural
  heritage information
• Innovations
• centre descriptions not around the things, but
  around the events that connect people, material
  and immaterial things in space-time.
• explicit description of the discourse on
  relations between identifiers and the identified.
  
• typologies modeled both as classification means
  and as objects of the cultural-historical
  discourse.
• Lacks a model of intellectual work

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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR

• The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
  Records (FRBR)
• developed 1992-1997 by IFLA, now being
  complemented by the Functional Requirements for
  Authority Data (FRAD)
• A core ER model to integrate library objects by
  content relation
• Might result in a new library practice
• Innovations
• Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of
  intellectual products Work, Expression,
  Manifestation, Item.
• Clusters publications and items around the
  notion of derivation and common conceptual origin
  across stages / abstraction levels.
• Lacks any explicit notion of the processes
  behind. Partially ambiguous definitions
  (overgeneralization).

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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization FRBR Abstraction
Levels
has part
has a complement has a successor has a
summary has a supplement has a transformation has
adaptation has an imitation
a distinct intellectual or artistic
creation there is no single material object one
can point to as the work...
Work
is realized through (is a realization of)
has part
the intellectual or artistic realization of a
work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or
choreographic notation, sound, image, object,
movement, etc
has a complement has a successor has a
summary has a supplement has a transformation has
adaptation has an imitation
Expression
is embodied in (is the embodiment of )
the physical embodiment of an expression of a
workall the physical objects that bear the same
characteristics may be only a single physical
exemplar
has part
Manifestation
is exemplified by (exemplifies )
has part
Item
a single exemplar of a manifestation...
8
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of
Work concepts

• The substance of Work is concepts (the idea).
• Only through the comprehension of the concepts
  derivation is possible.
• Individual Work A self-contained set of
  concepts (completed)
• Complex Work Continuation (possibly by others),
  complements, alternatives, translations !
• Container Work Incorporating unaltered work.
• The Publishers work is a Work !
• Serial Work Coherent, open ended series/serials

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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of
Expression concepts
E73 Information Object

• The substance of Expression is signs (the
  text).
• An Expression can be complete.
• The kinds of signs/features that identify an
  Expression depend on the function.
• Self-Contained Complete either according
  to author or unfinished.
• Fragment Any piece, in relation to the
  whole.
• Publication Text, layout, illustrations,

R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F2 Expression
R15 has component (is component of)
F22 Self Contained Expression
R15 is fragment of (has fragment)
corresponds to an Individual Work
F23 Expression Fragment
F25 Performance Plan
F24 Publication Expression
F26 Recording
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization clarification of
Manifestation concepts
E55 Type
immaterial
Manifestation Product Type is a class of like
items (the publication)
F3 Manifestation Product Type
E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff
E84 Information Carrier
An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation
Product Type.
Manifestation Singleton
An Manifestation Singleton is an original. It
may be a feature (e.g. Inscription)
Item
material
11
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization The
Externalization, material / immaterial
E65 Creation
E12 Production
E28 Conceptual Object
F28 Expression Creation
F32 Carrier Production Event
F3 Manifestation Production Type
R19 created a realization of
R28 produced (was produced by)
R4 comprises carriers of
E24 Physical Man-Made Thing
R17 created
E84 Information Carrier
F1 Work
F2 Expression
R18 created
R7 is example of
R9 is realized in
F23 Expression Fragment
F22 Self Contained Expression
F4 Manifestation Singleton
F14 Individual Work
F15 Complex Work
F5 Item
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conception and
Externalization
F1 Work
R16 initiated (was initiated by)
P4 has time-span (is time-span of)
F27 Work Conception
E52 Time
P14 carried out by (performed)
P7
E39 Actor
P4
P14 carried out by (performed)
P7 took place at (witnessed)
F28 Expression Creation
E53 Place
R19 created a realisation of (was realised
through)
R17 created (was created by)
R18 created (was created by)
F2 Expression
F4 Manifestation Singleton
Work elaboration
Work conception
Expression creation
time
produces a work
produces an idea
Produces (simultaneously) an Expression and a
Manifestation-Singleton
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Work and
Expression short-cuts
F15 Complex Work Walt Whitmans Leaves of grass
R10 has member (is member of)
F15 Complex Work Walt Whitmans Leaves of
grass deathbed edition
R10 has member (is member of)
F14 Individual Work Abstract content of
translation Walt Whitmans Leaves of
grass deathbed edition into French by Leon
Bazalgette
R19B was realised through (created a realisation
of)
R9 is realised in (realises)
F28 Expression Creation Translating Walt
Whitmans Leaves of grass deathbed edition into
French by Leon Bazalgette
R3 is realized in (realises)
F22 Self-Contained Expression Text of the French
translation of Walt Whitmans Leaves of grass
deathbed edition by Leon Bazalgette
R17 created (was created by)
14
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Container Work
What is the Expression?
The collected expressions are integral part of
the container
The Container Work adds Expression may cause
Work with empty expression!
F16 Container Work F14 Individual Work
F16 Container Work
R3 is realized in (realises)
R3 is realized in (realises)
Overall Expression
Additional Expression
ltAdditional Expr.gt
R3 is realised in (realises)
R3 is realised in (realises)
Expression of Work X
Expression of Work X
Work X
Expression of Work Y
Expression of Work Y
Work X
R14 is Incorporated in
consistent
inconsistent
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work -
An Identity Crisis
F19 Publication Work
F15 Complex Work
Publishers Level
Oliver Twist Publication Concept
Oliver Twist Idea
R10 has member (is member of)
R23 created a realization of (was realized
through)
F14 Individual Work
Oliver Twist Completed
R3 is realized in (realises)
R3 is realized in (realises)
R24 created (was created through)
F24 Publication Expression
R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
Oliver Twist Publication content
Oliver Twist Text
CLR5 should carry (should be carried by)
R27 used as source material (was used by)
P128 carries (is carried by)
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
R26 produced things of type (was produced by)
Oliver Twist Publication
Authors Level
F32 Carrier Production Event
F4 Manifestation Singleton
R7 is example of (has example)
Oliver Twist Manuscript
Oliver Twist Printing
F5 Item
R41 produced (was produced by
Oliver Twist 20th Book
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Manifestation
Product Type - a Metaclass !
E55 Type
Metaclasses
E19 Physical Object
F3 Manifestation Product Type
R7 is example of (has example)
CLP57 should have number of parts (should be
number of parts of)
F5 Item
instances
Inherits from E19 Physical Object P57 has number
of parts
P57 has number of parts
ISBN960-86830-0-9
E60 Number
Items are seen as instances of a particular
Manifestation Product Type. This is simulated by
property R7
R7 is example of instances
CPL57 should have number of parts (should be
number of parts of)
1
particulars
Individual copies
3

2
n
2
P57 has number of parts
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Equivalence
Physical - Electronic Publishing
Physical Publishing
F30 Publication Event
P94B was created by
R24 created(was created through)
E29 Design or Procedure
CLR5 should carry (should be carried by)
F24 Publication Expression
F3 Manifestation-Product Type
makes accessible how to produce
R27B was used by (used as source material)
R7 is example of (has example)
P16B was used for
R26 produced things of type (was produced by)
R6 carries (is carried by)
Result of an industrial process
R28 produced (was produced by)
F32 Carrier Production Event
F5 Item
Electronic Publishing
F30 Publication Event
R24 created(was created through)
P94B was created by
F24 Publication Expression
E29 Design or Procedure
makes accessible how to download
R27B was used by (used as source material)
R6 carries (is carried by)
P16B was used for
copy on local carrier
R28 produced (was produced by)
F32 Carrier Production Event
F5 Item
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Modelling
Performing Arts
19
The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Reproduction
E12 Production
F33 Reproduction Event
R30 reproduced (was reproduced by)
R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)
E84 Information Carrier
E84 Information Carrier
In general, the copy will have different
attributes from the original F33 Reproduction
Event and F32 Carrier Production Event are not
declared as disjoint
20
The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationHow to identify
Work?
R53 assigned (was assigned by)
E13 Attribute Assignment
E39 Actor
F3 Manifestation Product Type
F4 Manifestation-Singleton
R49 assigned (was assigned by)
R4 comprises carriers of (carriers provided by)
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
R41 has representative manifestation product
type (is representative manifestation product
type for)
R42 has representative manifestation-singleton (
is representative manifestation singleton for)
R43 carried out by (performed)
R48 assigned to (was assigned by)
F44 Bibliographic Agency
F2 Expression
R15 is fragment of (has fragment)
R51 assigned (was assigned by)
R44 carried out by (performed)
F22 Self-Contained Expression
F23 Expression Fragment
F37 Representative Expression Assignment
R3 is realised in (realises)
R42 has representative manifestation-singleton (
is representative manifestation singleton for)
is a sub property of P128 carries (is carried by)
R50 assign to (was assigned by)
R40 has representative expression (is
representative expression of)
F1 Work
F15 Complex Work
21
The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationLibrary identifiers
have structuring rules
R47 used constituent (was used in)
P1is identified by (identified)
F12 Name E41 Appellation
E1 CRM Entity
R8 consists of (forms part of)
F13 Identifier
R46 assigned (was assigned by)
F40 Identifier Assignment
R52B used rule (was the rule used in)
F43 Identifier Rule
R45 assigned to (was assigned by)
22
The FRBR - CRM HarmonizationSummary of new
Activity Concepts
F42 Representative Expression Assignment
E13 Attribute Assignment
F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment
E15 Identifier Assignment
F40 Identifier Assignment
E7 Activity
F30 Publication Event
E65 Creation
F27 Work Conception
E83 Type Creation
F28 Expression Creation
E12 Production
E11 Modification
F32 Reproduction Event
F33 Carrier production Event
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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary

• Topics solved
• Explicit modeling of the processes behind FRBR
  attributes.
• The substance of Work, Expression and
  Manifestation
• Conception of a Work. What is its identity, its
  parts? Can a work be continued by other persons?
  Can it contain other Work, and in which sense?
• Expression fragments, parts, aggregates and
  collections criteria of completeness,
  containment, reuse and intellectual contribution.
  
• What is the contribution and product of the
  publisher.
• What is the first realization of a work in a
  symbolic form? What is the role of a manuscript,
  of a digital file, a written diskette in that
  process?
• The equivalence of electronic and material
  publishing.

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The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions

• The combined model CRM FRBROO
• Is a coherent model of museum and library
  conceptualization
• On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions
  of the stages of intellections creation and
  refines its model of identifiers and the
  associated discourse.
• On the other side, it makes available to FRBR
  the general model of historical events of the
  CRM.
• clarifies and makes explicit many notions more
  vaguely specified in FRBR
• modeling equivalence with performing arts.
• SEE http//cidoc.ics.forth.gr